Probation, Parole, Reentry & Professional Practice Glossary

What does “42 CFR Part 2” mean?

Federal confidentiality rules governing specified records of substance-use-disorder patient identity, diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment maintained by covered Part 2 programs.

What does “Absconding” mean?

A status generally used when a person under supervision cannot be located or has stopped maintaining required contact. The legal consequences and formal definition vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Academic credit” mean?

Credit awarded by an educational institution toward completion of a certificate, diploma, or degree. Academic credit is distinct from correctional earned-time credit.

What does “Acceptance” mean?

A provider’s decision to admit, enroll, schedule, employ, house, or otherwise serve a particular person. A directory listing, referral, or payment does not guarantee acceptance.

What does “Accessible electronic information” mean?

Digital information designed so people with disabilities can perceive, operate, understand, and use it with assistive technology where needed.

What does “Accessible format” mean?

A format adapted for access needs, such as Braille, large print, tagged digital text, audio, captioned video, or another usable alternative.

What does “Accreditation” mean?

Recognition that an institution, program, laboratory, or organization meets specified standards. Accreditation generally applies to entities rather than individual officers.

What does “Active supervision” mean?

A supervision status that ordinarily requires continuing contact with a probation, parole, or other supervising authority. Reporting frequency and conditions vary by agency and case.

What does “ADA awareness training” mean?

Training introducing disability nondiscrimination, access, effective communication, and reasonable-modification responsibilities. A completion certificate is not a government ADA certification.

What does “ADA reasonable modification” mean?

A change to a policy, practice, or procedure that may be required to provide a qualified person with a disability meaningful access, unless an applicable legal limitation applies.

What does “ADA Title II” mean?

The part of the Americans with Disabilities Act that applies to state and local government services, programs, and activities.

What does “ADA Title III” mean?

The part of the Americans with Disabilities Act that applies to specified private places of public accommodation and commercial facilities.

What does “ADA training certificate” mean?

Documentation that a person completed an ADA-related course. It does not independently establish legal compliance or confer Department of Justice certification.

What does “Adjudication” mean?

The formal judicial determination or disposition of a case or charge. In criminal matters, it may include a judgment of guilt, a withheld adjudication, dismissal, acquittal, or another authorized disposition.

What does “Adjudication withheld (Florida)” mean?

A Florida disposition in which a defendant may plead guilty or nolo contendere, or be found guilty, but the court does not formally adjudicate the person guilty. The case, arrest, plea or finding, and withheld disposition ordinarily remain part of the criminal-history and court record unless lawfully sealed or expunged. A withhold is not equivalent to the charge disappearing, and some Florida and federal laws still treat it as a conviction for particular purposes.

What does “Administrative case closure” mean?

Closure of an agency case through an authorized administrative process without necessarily changing the underlying court judgment.

What does “Administrative discharge” mean?

A jurisdiction- or agency-specific form of supervision termination or case closure completed through authorized administrative procedures.

What does “Administrative probation” mean?

A lower-intensity probation status used in some jurisdictions for people who require little routine contact but remain subject to the court’s jurisdiction and applicable conditions. The term and requirements are jurisdiction-specific.

What does “Administrative review” mean?

OACRA’s internal review of a submission, correction, listing request, sponsorship request, or publication action before information is changed or displayed.

What does “Administrative sanction” mean?

A consequence imposed through authorized agency procedures rather than a new sentencing hearing. The available sanctions and required process depend on governing law and agency policy.

What does “Admission and orientation” mean?

The institutional process through which a newly admitted person receives basic rules, services, schedules, safety information, classification instructions, and available-program information.

What does “Admission criteria” mean?

The requirements that must be satisfied for a person to be formally admitted to a program, facility, service, or placement.

What does “Adult Basic Education (ABE)” mean?

Instruction in foundational reading, writing, mathematics, digital, and related skills for adults who have not yet reached secondary-level proficiency.

What does “Adult Secondary Education (ASE)” mean?

Instruction designed to help adults attain secondary-level academic skills and prepare for a high-school equivalency credential or diploma.

What does “Adulterated specimen” mean?

A specimen containing a substance or condition inconsistent with normal human specimen characteristics under applicable testing criteria.

What does “Adverse action” mean?

An unfavorable employment decision based in whole or in part on information from a consumer report, such as denying employment, rescinding an offer, or taking another negative action; federal and state notice requirements may apply.

What does “Affidavit of violation” mean?

A sworn written allegation that a person violated one or more conditions of probation, community control, parole, or another supervision status. The title and procedure vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Agency acceptance” mean?

A determination by a government agency or referral organization that a provider, service, document, placement, or program may be used for a particular purpose. It is distinct from OACRA listing status.

What does “Agency authorization” mean?

Permission from an employing or responsible agency to perform a function, carry equipment, access a system, or make specified decisions.

What does “Agency contract” mean?

An OACRA evidence label indicating that a contract, award, purchase record, or other authoritative source documents a contractual relationship between an agency and a vendor.

What does “Agency deployment” mean?

An OACRA evidence label indicating that a government or justice agency is documented as using, implementing, operating, or deploying a vendor's product or service.

What does “Agency referral” mean?

A referral initiated by a government agency, supervision office, correctional institution, public program, or other authorized agency.

What does “Agency Resource Portal” mean?

An OACRA pathway intended to help agencies and professional users locate organized resource and directory information.

What does “Agency utility” mean?

The practical usefulness of listing information to courts, supervision agencies, release coordinators, case managers, and other referral professionals.

What does “AI-ready listing” mean?

An OACRA description for a listing organized with clear fields, categories, location information, and contact routes that support machine interpretation.

What does “AI-referenceable” mean?

Structured so an automated system can identify, interpret, and reference the information more reliably. It does not guarantee inclusion in any AI response.

What does “Alcohol testing” mean?

Testing used to detect alcohol use, which may include breath, urine, blood, transdermal, or other authorized methods.

What does “Alcohol use disorder” mean?

A substance use disorder involving a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.

What does “Alert resolution” mean?

The process of reviewing a monitoring alert, determining its cause or significance, documenting responsive action, and closing or escalating the event under applicable procedures.

What does “Alleged violation” mean?

Conduct claimed to violate a supervision condition but not yet finally established through admission, waiver, or an authorized finding.

What does “American Job Center” mean?

A public workforce-system access point that provides employment, training, career, and related services under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act and partner programs.

What does “Anger-management program” mean?

An educational or therapeutic service addressing anger awareness, emotional regulation, conflict, and related behavior. Court or agency acceptance should be confirmed before enrollment.

What does “Annual firearms requalification” mean?

Periodic demonstration that an authorized armed officer continues to meet agency or state firearms standards.

What does “Annual listing” mean?

A provider listing option maintained for a defined annual participation period, subject to OACRA’s review, renewal, correction, and removal practices.

What does “Annual review” mean?

A periodic check of services, contacts, locations, intake information, and other listing details.

What does “API access” mean?

Permission and technical ability to interact with an application programming interface to request, submit, or exchange structured information under applicable authentication, rate, and use rules.

What does “API endpoint” mean?

A defined network address or interface route through which an API accepts a particular type of request or returns a particular resource or operation.

What does “Appeal” mean?

A formal request for review of a decision by a higher or designated authority. Available procedures, deadlines, and standards depend on the governing law and decision.

What does “Application route” mean?

The method used to apply for a service, benefit, job, program, or placement, such as an online form, phone call, referral, walk-in process, or scheduled appointment.

What does “Appointment-only service” mean?

A service that ordinarily requires a scheduled appointment before the person can be seen or receive the service.

What does “Apprenticeship” mean?

A structured employment-and-training model combining paid work experience, related instruction, and progressive skill development.

What does “Approved residence” mean?

A proposed living location accepted by the responsible supervising or releasing authority when such approval is required. Directory appearance does not establish residence approval.

What does “Approved vendor” mean?

A vendor that an organization has accepted for participation in a defined purchasing program, list, or contract vehicle. Approval does not necessarily mean the vendor is selected for every purchase or endorsed for all uses.

What does “Arraignment” mean?

A court proceeding at which charges are formally presented and the accused is asked to enter a plea, subject to jurisdiction-specific procedure.

What does “Arrest” mean?

The taking of a person into custody under legal authority.

What does “Arrest warrant” mean?

A judicial order authorizing law enforcement to arrest a named person when legal requirements are satisfied.

What does “Arrival notice” mean?

An interstate-compact notice reporting that a supervised individual has arrived in the receiving state.

What does “Articulation agreement” mean?

A formal agreement describing how courses, credits, or credentials transfer between educational institutions or programs.

What does “ASAM” mean?

The American Society of Addiction Medicine. The term is commonly associated with multidimensional assessment and levels of addiction treatment care.

What does “ASAM training” mean?

Training on ASAM assessment dimensions, placement criteria, levels of care, or implementation. Completion does not by itself confer clinical licensure.

What does “Assessment” mean?

A structured process used to gather information and identify needs, risks, diagnoses, service levels, or recommendations. The purpose and authority of an assessment depend on the setting.

What does “Assessment-tool certification” mean?

Training, testing, or authorization required by an instrument owner, state, or agency before a professional may administer, score, or interpret a particular assessment.

What does “Assistive technology” mean?

A device, software, equipment, or system used to increase, maintain, or improve functional access for a person with a disability.

What does “Attendance documentation” mean?

Records showing participation in appointments, classes, treatment, community service, or other required activities.

What does “Attribution requirement” mean?

A condition requiring specified credit, source identification, notice, or other acknowledgment when licensed or permitted material is used.

What does “Automated External Defibrillator (AED) training” mean?

Training on safe use of an AED as part of emergency response.

What does “Automated reminder” mean?

A system-generated notice about a scheduled obligation, deadline, appointment, payment, test, reporting requirement, or other task.

What does “Auxiliary aid” mean?

A tool or service used to support effective communication, such as captioning, interpreters, assistive listening devices, accessible electronic documents, or readers.

What does “Auxiliary aids and services” mean?

Communication supports recognized under disability law, including qualified interpreters, captioning, readers, accessible electronic information, Braille, and assistive listening systems.

What does “Availability” mean?

Whether a service, bed, appointment, class, job, funding source, or intake opportunity is currently open. Availability can change independently of eligibility.

What does “Background check” mean?

A review of records or information used in employment, housing, licensing, volunteer, or other decisions. Applicable notice, consent, and decision rules vary.

What does “Background screening” mean?

The process of reviewing records or information about an applicant or employee for employment-related purposes, which may include criminal history, identity, employment, education, driving, credit, or other permitted information.

What does “Ban the Box” mean?

A policy or law that limits when or how an employer may ask about criminal history during the hiring process. Requirements, covered employers, exceptions, and timing vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Bank-account screening” mean?

A financial institution’s review of identity, prior account history, fraud indicators, or other information when considering an account application.

What does “Banking access” mean?

The practical ability to open and use safe, affordable transaction or savings accounts and related financial services.

What does “Baseline” mean?

A starting measurement collected before an intervention, policy change, or observation period and used as a reference for evaluating later change.

What does “Baseline drug test” mean?

An initial test used to establish a starting point for monitoring or treatment, subject to program authority and policy.

What does “Basic listing” mean?

An OACRA listing option that presents core provider and service information without the expanded presentation associated with highlighted, priority, or sponsored options.

What does “Batterers’ Intervention Program (BIP)” mean?

A structured intervention program addressing abusive behavior in intimate or family relationships. Requirements, curricula, certification, and acceptance vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Bed availability” mean?

Whether a residential provider currently has a bed or sleeping placement that can potentially be offered to an appropriate applicant; availability does not establish eligibility or acceptance.

What does “Behavioral health” mean?

A broad term encompassing mental health, substance use, and related emotional or behavioral conditions and services.

What does “Behavioral-health referral training” mean?

Training on identifying needs, using approved referral pathways, protecting confidentiality, and responding to urgent behavioral-health concerns.

What does “Bench probation” mean?

A term used in some jurisdictions for probation supervised primarily by the court rather than a traditional probation agency. The legal meaning is jurisdiction-specific.

What does “Bench warrant” mean?

A warrant issued by a judge, commonly after a failure to appear or failure to comply with a court directive.

What does “Benefits application before release” mean?

An application or reinstatement process started before release for public benefits that may become available after release, subject to agency eligibility rules.

What does “Benefits continuity planning” mean?

Prerelease coordination intended to prevent avoidable interruption of health coverage, food assistance, disability benefits, or other public supports.

What does “Benefits enrollment” mean?

The process of applying for, selecting, activating, or completing required steps to obtain public benefit coverage or assistance after eligibility rules are addressed.

What does “Benefits reinstatement” mean?

The administrative restoration of payments or coverage on an existing benefit record after a suspension condition ends and continuing eligibility is established.

What does “Benefits screening” mean?

A preliminary review used to identify public benefits or financial-assistance programs for which a person may potentially qualify, based on available information.

What does “Best-value procurement” mean?

A source-selection approach that considers price together with nonprice factors to determine which offer provides the most advantageous overall value under the stated evaluation method.

What does “Bid protest” mean?

A formal challenge to a solicitation, evaluation, proposed award, or contract award under the protest procedures available in the relevant procurement system.

What does “Biometric verification” mean?

Use of a biological or behavioral characteristic, such as facial features, fingerprints, or voice, to help verify that a person interacting with a system is the enrolled individual.

What does “Birth certificate” mean?

An official vital-record document recording a person's birth and issued or certified by the responsible state, territorial, local, or other authorized vital-records authority.

What does “Blanket purchase agreement” mean?

A simplified ordering arrangement used to satisfy anticipated repetitive needs under established terms, with individual purchases or calls made as needs arise.

What does “Blood test” mean?

Laboratory analysis of a blood specimen for alcohol, drugs, medication, or other substances.

What does “Booking” mean?

The administrative process of recording an arrest, identity information, fingerprints, photographs, charges, property, and custody status.

What does “Braille” mean?

A tactile reading and writing system used by some people who are blind or have low vision.

What does “Breath Alcohol Technician (BAT)” mean?

A person qualified under an applicable testing program to conduct evidential breath-alcohol testing using an approved device.

What does “Breath-alcohol test” mean?

Testing of a breath specimen to estimate alcohol concentration using an authorized device.

What does “Bridge housing” mean?

Short-term housing intended to provide immediate stability while a person moves toward permanent housing.

What does “Bulk access” mean?

Access that enables retrieval, download, export, or processing of a substantial portion of a dataset or collection rather than isolated individual records.

What does “Buy-out of community service” mean?

An informal expression for a legally authorized payment substitution, fine-to-service conversion, hour reduction, or similar alternative. It is not available unless permitted and approved by the responsible authority.

What does “Canonical record” mean?

The record designated as the authoritative or preferred representation of an entity when multiple records, aliases, duplicates, or source representations exist.

What does “Canonical URL” mean?

The preferred web address identified for a page so search engines can distinguish it from duplicate or alternate URLs.

What does “Capacity” mean?

The number of people, beds, appointments, placements, or cases a provider or program can serve at a given time.

What does “Captioning” mean?

Text representation of spoken dialogue and relevant audio information in video or live communication.

What does “Career and Technical Education (CTE)” mean?

Education that develops academic, technical, and employability skills for specific occupations or career fields.

What does “Career pathway” mean?

A sequence of education, training, credentials, work experience, and support designed to help individuals progress toward higher levels of skill, responsibility, and employment.

What does “CART” mean?

Communication Access Realtime Translation, a service producing real-time text of spoken communication.

What does “Case closure” mean?

The formal conclusion of active case handling by an agency, court, or program.

What does “Case conference” mean?

A structured meeting among institutional, supervision, treatment, medical, or community personnel to review needs, progress, release barriers, and transition responsibilities.

What does “Case management” mean?

A coordinated process for assessing needs, planning services, connecting referrals, monitoring progress, and addressing barriers. OACRA does not provide case management.

What does “Case manager” mean?

A professional or designated worker who coordinates services or supports for an individual. Roles and authority differ across agencies and programs.

What does “Case plan” mean?

A structured plan identifying supervision goals, conditions, needs, services, responsibilities, and review points.

What does “Caseload” mean?

The group of individuals, investigations, or cases assigned to an officer, unit, court, or program.

What does “Catchment area” mean?

A geographic area from which a program, agency, facility, or service primarily accepts, assigns, or serves participants.

What does “Category fit” mean?

OACRA’s assessment of whether a submitted provider or service belongs in a particular directory category.

What does “Certificate of completion” mean?

A document stating that a class, program, treatment episode, or service requirement was completed. Whether it satisfies a court or agency requirement must be confirmed.

What does “Certificate of rehabilitation” mean?

A court, agency, or executive certificate used in some jurisdictions to document rehabilitation or provide specified relief from collateral consequences. Legal effect varies by jurisdiction.

What does “Certificate of release” mean?

An official document describing release authority, date, status, and applicable conditions.

What does “Certificate of relief” mean?

A jurisdiction-specific legal certificate that may relieve or reduce designated collateral consequences of a conviction without necessarily sealing, expunging, or vacating the conviction.

What does “Certification” mean?

A credential awarded after defined education, examination, experience, or competency requirements. It should not be confused with a simple course-completion certificate.

What does “Certified interpreter” mean?

An interpreter who has earned a credential from a recognized certifying authority. Certification and functional qualification are related but not identical.

What does “Certified peer specialist” mean?

A peer-support professional who has completed a recognized state, program, or credentialing process. Requirements vary.

What does “Chain of custody” mean?

The documented sequence of collection, handling, transfer, storage, testing, and disposition used to evaluate specimen or evidence integrity.

What does “Chain-of-custody training” mean?

Training on documenting, sealing, transferring, storing, and accounting for specimens or evidence so integrity can be evaluated.

What does “Change history” mean?

A record of changes made to an item over time, which may identify what changed, when, by whom, and from which prior value.

What does “Change of employment” mean?

A change in job or employer that may have to be reported or approved under applicable supervision conditions.

What does “Change of residence” mean?

A move or proposed move that may have to be reported or approved before it occurs under applicable supervision or release rules.

What does “Charge” mean?

A formal allegation that a person committed a criminal offense. A charge is not itself a conviction.

What does “Charging violation” mean?

A monitoring event associated with failure to charge a device as required, resulting in a low-battery condition or loss of monitoring capability under program rules.

What does “Citation” mean?

A written notice directing a person to respond to an alleged violation or appear in court, sometimes used instead of custodial arrest.

What does “Civil legal aid” mean?

Legal assistance for qualifying civil matters such as housing, benefits, family, consumer, or record-related issues. It generally does not provide criminal defense.

What does “Civil rights restoration” mean?

A legal process or event that restores one or more civil rights lost because of a criminal conviction, such as voting, jury service, or holding public office. Rights and procedures vary by jurisdiction.

What does “CJIS Security Awareness Training” mean?

Required security training for personnel with access to criminal-justice information or systems covered by the CJIS Security Policy.

What does “Claim a listing” mean?

A request by an organization or authorized representative to establish control of or responsibility for updating an existing OACRA listing.

What does “Classification” mean?

An institutional process used to assign custody level, housing, programs, work, security, and other correctional decisions.

What does “Classification officer” mean?

An institutional professional responsible for classification, housing, custody, programming, or related case decisions under agency policy.

What does “Clean Slate” mean?

A general term for laws or systems that automate or streamline sealing or other relief for eligible criminal records. Eligibility and legal effect vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Clinical treatment” mean?

Care delivered within a licensed or professionally regulated clinical framework, which may include assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, therapy, medication, or other services.

What does “Closed referral” mean?

A referral that is no longer active because the person was served, withdrew, could not be reached, was found ineligible, declined services, was referred elsewhere, or the referral was otherwise concluded.

What does “Closed-loop referral” mean?

A referral process in which the sending and receiving organizations exchange status information so the referring party can determine whether contact, intake, or service connection occurred.

What does “Co-occurring disorders” mean?

The presence of both a mental health condition and a substance use disorder.

What does “Cognitive disability” mean?

A disability affecting memory, attention, learning, reasoning, communication, executive function, or related cognitive processes.

What does “Cohort” mean?

A defined group of people sharing a common starting condition or time period who are followed or analyzed together for research, performance measurement, or program evaluation.

What does “Collateral consequence” mean?

A legal, regulatory, or practical consequence associated with an arrest, conviction, sentence, or criminal record that is separate from the sentence itself.

What does “Collateral contact” mean?

Communication between a supervising officer and another person or organization, such as an employer, treatment provider, family member, or service agency, for an authorized supervision purpose.

What does “Collateral-consequence relief” mean?

A legal remedy, waiver, certificate, restoration process, pardon, record remedy, or other authorized mechanism intended to reduce or remove a collateral consequence of a criminal conviction.

What does “College certificate” mean?

A postsecondary credential awarded after completion of a defined academic or career-focused program.

What does “Communication disability” mean?

A disability affecting hearing, speech, vision, reading, writing, cognition, or another aspect of receiving or expressing information.

What does “Community appointment” mean?

A scheduled post-release appointment with supervision, health care, treatment, benefits, housing, employment, or another community service.

What does “Community confinement” mean?

Placement in a community-based correctional setting or authorized residential arrangement instead of secure institutional confinement. Meaning varies by system.

What does “Community control” mean?

A form of intensive community supervision used in some jurisdictions, often involving more restrictive conditions than standard probation. The legal meaning is state-specific.

What does “Community corrections” mean?

Supervision of people in the community rather than confinement in a secure correctional facility. Probation and parole are the two principal forms.

What does “Community Corrections Center” mean?

A structured residential setting associated with correctional transition or community supervision. Names, authority, populations, and rules vary.

What does “Community handoff” mean?

A coordinated transfer of responsibility or service connection from institutional staff to a community agency, provider, or supervising authority.

What does “Community provider intake before release” mean?

An intake, screening, or enrollment process completed with a community provider before release to reduce delays after reentry.

What does “Community reintegration” mean?

The process of rebuilding stable participation in family, work, housing, health care, civic life, and community institutions after justice involvement.

What does “Community residential facility” mean?

A community-based residential setting providing housing together with some level of supervision, support, treatment, or services. The term's legal and licensing meaning varies by jurisdiction.

What does “Community resource infrastructure” mean?

The organized digital, informational, and referral pathways that make community services easier to locate and evaluate.

What does “Community service” mean?

Unpaid work performed for a public, nonprofit, charitable, or other authorized organization, sometimes as a court-ordered obligation.

What does “Community service placement” mean?

A site or arrangement where required or voluntary service hours may be completed, subject to site acceptance and any required court or agency authorization.

What does “Community supervision” mean?

A broad term for correctional supervision in the community, including probation, parole, supervised release, and related statuses.

What does “Community-based organization” mean?

A nonprofit, charitable, faith-based, neighborhood, or other local organization delivering services or advocacy within a community.

What does “Commutation of sentence” mean?

Executive clemency that reduces or modifies a sentence without necessarily setting aside the underlying conviction.

What does “Compact administrator” mean?

A state official responsible for administration of the Interstate Compact within the state.

What does “Compact commissioner” mean?

A state-appointed member of the Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision.

What does “Compact office” mean?

The state unit responsible for processing and coordinating Interstate Compact matters.

What does “Comparison group” mean?

A group used as a reference when evaluating outcomes for another group, such as program participants. The method used to create the comparison group affects the strength of causal conclusions.

What does “COMPAS user training” mean?

Training and authorization associated with use of the COMPAS assessment or case-management system under applicable agency and vendor requirements.

What does “Competitive procurement” mean?

A purchasing process in which multiple potential suppliers are given an opportunity to compete under stated requirements and evaluation procedures.

What does “Completion rate” mean?

The proportion of participants who complete a program, service, supervision requirement, course, or other defined activity among those included in the applicable measurement group.

What does “Completion record” mean?

Written evidence that a required service, class, treatment episode, payment, or program was completed.

What does “Compliance” mean?

Conduct consistent with applicable court orders, supervision conditions, program requirements, and lawful instructions.

What does “Compliance credit” mean?

A jurisdiction-specific credit earned through qualifying compliance that may affect supervision duration, intensity, or eligibility for discharge.

What does “Compliance hearing” mean?

A hearing used to review whether a person has satisfied specified court requirements or conditions.

What does “Compliance review” mean?

A formal or informal review of progress, documentation, conditions, barriers, and outstanding obligations.

What does “Condition of supervision” mean?

A rule or requirement imposed by a court, releasing authority, statute, or supervising agency during probation, parole, supervised release, or another community status.

What does “Conditional offer” mean?

An offer of employment that becomes final only if stated conditions are satisfied, such as background screening, licensing, drug testing, references, or other lawful requirements.

What does “Conditional release” mean?

Release from custody subject to continuing requirements, supervision, or the possibility of return for violations.

What does “Confirmation date” mean?

The date on which OACRA or another identified reviewer checked a source and confirmed that it supported the recorded information.

What does “Confirmatory test” mean?

A more specific analytical test used to confirm an initial nonnegative screening result.

What does “Congregate housing” mean?

Housing in which residents share common spaces or facilities within one building or campus.

What does “Contact accuracy” mean?

The reliability and currency of a listing’s public phone, email, website, address, or other contact route.

What does “Contact override” mean?

An authorized departure from the contact level suggested by a classification or assessment because of documented circumstances.

What does “Contact standard” mean?

An agency expectation describing the type or frequency of officer contacts associated with a supervision level.

What does “Continuing education” mean?

Periodic education intended to maintain competence, satisfy professional requirements, or renew a credential.

What does “Continuity agreement” mean?

A written arrangement describing how an institution and community organization will coordinate referrals, records, appointments, or services during transition.

What does “Continuity of care” mean?

The coordinated continuation of health or behavioral-health services across settings, providers, or transitions such as release from custody.

What does “Continuity of medication” mean?

Planning to maintain access to prescribed medication through release, including supply, prescription transfer, pharmacy access, and follow-up care.

What does “Continuous alcohol monitoring” mean?

Ongoing or frequently repeated monitoring intended to detect alcohol use over time, commonly through a wearable transdermal device or another authorized technology.

What does “Continuous location monitoring” mean?

Ongoing electronic collection or transmission of location information during a monitoring period, usually through GPS-enabled equipment, subject to system connectivity and program rules.

What does “Continuum of Care” mean?

A local or regional planning and funding structure coordinating homelessness assistance under HUD programs.

What does “Contract amendment” mean?

A formal change to a solicitation or contract document. Depending on the procurement system and timing, an amendment may change solicitation requirements or, in some jurisdictions, be used for certain contract changes.

What does “Contract award” mean?

The agency action establishing a contractual relationship with the selected contractor, subject to the terms of the award document and applicable procurement law.

What does “Contract evidence” mean?

A contract, award record, amendment, purchase order, payment record, public agenda, or other authoritative documentation supporting the existence or terms of a contractual relationship.

What does “Contract modification” mean?

A written change to an existing contract affecting terms such as scope, price, schedule, funding, quantities, or administrative provisions, made under applicable authority.

What does “Contract renewal” mean?

Continuation of a contractual relationship for an additional period when permitted by the contract and governing procurement authority; a renewal may require approvals, funding, or a new action.

What does “Contract vehicle” mean?

A contract or purchasing arrangement that provides an authorized mechanism for ordering goods or services, sometimes across multiple agencies, users, tasks, or periods.

What does “Control group” mean?

A comparison group in an experimental study that does not receive the intervention being tested, or receives a different condition, allowing outcomes to be compared with the treatment group.

What does “Controlled vocabulary” mean?

A maintained set of preferred terms used consistently to describe, tag, classify, or retrieve information within a system or dataset.

What does “Conviction” mean?

A legal determination of guilt whose precise meaning may vary by statute and purpose. Some laws define conviction to include a guilty or no-contest plea even when adjudication is withheld.

What does “Cooperative purchasing agreement” mean?

An arrangement that permits eligible public entities to purchase through another entity's competitively established contract or joint procurement mechanism when authorized by law or policy.

What does “Coordinated care” mean?

The deliberate organization of health, behavioral-health, social, and community services across providers and settings.

What does “Coordinated Entry” mean?

A community process for assessing housing needs, prioritizing assistance, and connecting people to available homelessness-response resources.

What does “Core correctional practices” mean?

Evidence-informed officer and program practices commonly associated with effective correctional intervention, including relationship skills, modeling, reinforcement, problem solving, and structured skill building.

What does “Correctional education” mean?

Academic, vocational, literacy, or postsecondary education delivered in a correctional setting.

What does “Correctional facility” mean?

A jail, prison, detention center, or other institution used to confine people under criminal-justice authority.

What does “Correctional literacy program” mean?

Literacy instruction delivered in a jail, prison, detention, or community-corrections setting.

What does “Correctional probation-officer certification” mean?

A state-specific credential or employment qualification authorizing specified correctional probation duties after required academy, examination, field training, or other standards.

What does “Correctional release coordinator” mean?

An institutional or agency professional who organizes release planning, documentation, appointments, benefits, housing, transportation, and community connections.

What does “Cost of attendance” mean?

A school-calculated estimate of education-related expenses used in federal student-aid administration.

What does “Cost-benefit analysis” mean?

An analysis that compares the monetary value of a program's benefits with its costs, using stated assumptions, time periods, and valuation methods.

What does “Cost-effectiveness analysis” mean?

An analysis comparing the costs of alternative programs or interventions with their outcomes when those outcomes are measured in nonmonetary units.

What does “Court acceptance” mean?

A court’s determination that a provider, program, placement, document, or activity satisfies a requirement in a particular matter. OACRA does not confer court acceptance.

What does “Court clerk” mean?

A court official or office responsible for records, filings, notices, fees, scheduling support, and other administrative functions.

What does “Court costs” mean?

Charges assessed in connection with a legal case. Types, amounts, collection procedures, and consequences vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Court order” mean?

A directive issued by a court. The controlling text should be read together with current instructions from the responsible authority.

What does “Court record” mean?

The filings, orders, docket entries, judgments, and other materials maintained in a court case.

What does “Court referral” mean?

A referral made by a court or court-related program for evaluation, treatment, service, monitoring, education, community service, or another authorized purpose.

What does “Court summons” mean?

A court-issued notice requiring a person to appear or respond at a specified time and place.

What does “Court-ordered treatment” mean?

Treatment, assessment, education, counseling, or programming required by a court order or incorporated into a supervision condition.

What does “Court-related service” mean?

A class, evaluation, treatment, community service site, reporting function, or other service that may be relevant to a legal or supervision requirement.

What does “CPR certification” mean?

A credential documenting completion of approved cardiopulmonary-resuscitation training and skill requirements.

What does “CRA” mean?

The Community Reinvestment Act, a federal law concerning how certain financial institutions help meet community credit needs, consistent with safe and sound operations.

What does “Credit report” mean?

A record assembled by a consumer reporting agency containing credit-account and related information used in financial and other authorized decisions.

What does “Credit transfer” mean?

The acceptance of academic credits earned at one institution or program by another institution.

What does “Credit-bearing course” mean?

A course for which an institution awards academic credit that may apply toward a credential.

What does “Criminal-history information access authorization” mean?

Agency permission to access protected criminal-history systems after required training, vetting, and role assignment.

What does “Criminal-history record” mean?

A record containing arrest, charge, disposition, sentence, and related criminal-justice information maintained by a court, law-enforcement agency, repository, or other authorized entity.

What does “Criminal-history repository” mean?

A government-maintained system or agency responsible for collecting, maintaining, and disseminating criminal-history record information within its legal authority.

What does “Criminal-justice drug testing” mean?

Drug or alcohol testing conducted under court, corrections, probation, parole, treatment-court, pretrial, or agency authority. Procedures vary by jurisdiction and policy.

What does “Criminal-record screening” mean?

The consideration of criminal-history information in a housing, employment, licensing, volunteer, or other decision.

What does “Criminogenic need” mean?

A changeable factor empirically associated with criminal behavior or recidivism and therefore commonly targeted in correctional intervention.

What does “Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training” mean?

Training designed to improve response to behavioral-health crises through de-escalation, recognition, communication, and coordination.

What does “Crisis resource” mean?

A service intended for urgent mental-health, substance-use, safety, or stabilization needs. An online directory is not an emergency service.

What does “Crisis stabilization” mean?

Short-term services intended to reduce acute behavioral-health symptoms, improve safety, and connect a person with ongoing care.

What does “Cross-reactivity” mean?

A test response caused by a substance other than the intended target, potentially affecting an initial screening result.

What does “Curfew” mean?

A condition requiring a person to remain at an approved location during specified hours, subject to authorized exceptions.

What does “Curfew monitoring” mean?

Monitoring used to determine whether a participant is present at or absent from an approved location during specified curfew hours.

What does “Current relationship” mean?

A relationship, contract, deployment, approval, or service connection supported by evidence indicating that it remains active or applicable as of the relevant confirmation period.

What does “Currently accepting referrals” mean?

A status indicating that a provider reports it is presently receiving new referrals. It does not guarantee available capacity, eligibility, admission, or acceptance for a particular person.

What does “Custody and Control Form” mean?

A form documenting specimen collection, identity, seals, transfers, laboratory processing, and related chain-of-custody information.

What does “Custody level” mean?

A classification reflecting security, supervision, movement, and housing requirements within a correctional system.

What does “Custody-to-community transition” mean?

The movement from institutional custody into community living, services, supervision, employment, education, and family responsibilities.

What does “Cutoff concentration” mean?

The concentration used by a testing program to classify a result for screening or confirmation purposes.

What does “Data feed” mean?

A recurring or on-demand stream or delivery of structured information from one system to another.

What does “Data field” mean?

A defined element in a record used to store a particular type of value, such as a name, date, category, status, location, identifier, or source URL.

What does “Data freshness” mean?

How current a dataset or record is relative to the real-world information it represents, often assessed using source, verification, update, or ingestion dates.

What does “Data license” mean?

A legal grant of permission specifying how a dataset, database, data feed, API output, or other data may be accessed, copied, used, modified, redistributed, displayed, or incorporated into other products.

What does “Data licensing” mean?

The practice of granting defined rights to use data under contractual, statutory, open-license, or other stated terms and restrictions.

What does “Data provenance” mean?

Information describing where data originated, how it was collected or derived, who handled it, and what transformations or updates occurred over time.

What does “Data sharing” mean?

The authorized exchange of information among agencies or providers, subject to law, consent, security, and purpose limitations.

What does “Date added” mean?

The date a record, listing, source, or item was first added to a dataset or publication system.

What does “Date confirmed” mean?

The date on which a fact, status, contact, relationship, or other record attribute was most recently confirmed.

What does “Date verified” mean?

The date on which specified information was checked against an accepted verification method or source.

What does “Day reporting center” mean?

A nonresidential community-corrections program requiring structured reporting and sometimes treatment, testing, classes, employment support, or other services.

What does “Declined referral” mean?

A referral that a provider or program does not accept, which may result from eligibility, capacity, service-fit, safety, documentation, jurisdiction, funding, or other applicable considerations.

What does “Dedicated provider URL” mean?

A distinct OACRA web address presenting expanded information about a provider, program, listing, or participation option.

What does “Defense counsel” mean?

An attorney representing a person accused or convicted in a criminal matter.

What does “Defensive-tactics certification” mean?

Training and demonstrated proficiency in agency-authorized physical control, restraint, and defensive techniques.

What does “Deferred adjudication” mean?

A jurisdiction-specific disposition postponing entry of a judgment while a person completes conditions. Successful completion may affect the final disposition, but the arrest and case do not automatically disappear.

What does “Deferred prosecution” mean?

An agreement or program postponing prosecution while a person completes specified conditions, subject to jurisdiction-specific rules.

What does “Deferred sentence” mean?

A sentence or entry of judgment postponed under jurisdiction-specific authority while the person completes stated conditions.

What does “Deliverable” mean?

A specified product, report, dataset, service result, milestone output, or other item that a contractor or grantee is required to provide.

What does “Departure notice” mean?

An interstate-compact notice documenting departure from the sending state under approved reporting instructions.

What does “Deployment evidence” mean?

Documentation supporting that a product, service, or system has been implemented, installed, operated, piloted, or used by an identified organization or jurisdiction.

What does “Desistance” mean?

The process through which a person reduces, stops, or moves away from criminal behavior over time.

What does “Detainer” mean?

A request or notice asking a custodial authority to hold a person or notify another authority before release because of another case, warrant, supervision matter, or immigration proceeding.

What does “Detection window” mean?

The period during which a substance or metabolite may be detectable in a particular specimen type.

What does “Detention center” mean?

A facility used to hold people awaiting proceedings, transfer, immigration action, juvenile disposition, or another authorized custody decision.

What does “Device tamper” mean?

An alert or event indicating possible interference with, removal of, damage to, shielding of, or unauthorized manipulation of monitoring equipment.

What does “Digital access” mean?

Access to devices, connectivity, accounts, skills, and support needed to use online applications, appointments, reporting systems, and service information.

What does “Digital literacy” mean?

The ability to use digital devices, online systems, information, communication tools, and basic cybersecurity practices effectively.

What does “Digital reporting” mean?

Use of an online portal, application, upload system, email process, or other electronic method to submit required information or maintain contact.

What does “Dilute specimen” mean?

A specimen with concentration characteristics indicating greater dilution than expected under applicable criteria.

What does “Direct-observation collection” mean?

A specimen collection in which an authorized observer directly watches the specimen enter the collection container under specified procedures.

What does “Directory” mean?

An organized collection of service information grouped by geography, category, or another navigation structure.

What does “Directory coverage” mean?

The geographic and service-category scope represented within an OACRA directory or sponsorship arrangement.

What does “Directory placement” mean?

The publication of an organization or service within an appropriate OACRA directory after administrative review.

What does “Directory sponsorship” mean?

A paid arrangement supporting the maintenance, visibility, or coverage of an OACRA directory. It does not create governmental endorsement, guaranteed referrals, or sponsor control of editorial content.

What does “Disability” mean?

A physical or mental impairment that may substantially limit one or more major life activities under applicable law. Definitions vary by program and statute.

What does “Disability-access training” mean?

Training on disability nondiscrimination, communication access, reasonable modification, and practical barriers in supervision or services.

What does “Disability-aware supervision” mean?

A supervision approach that considers disability access, communication needs, reasonable modifications, trauma, brain injury, aging, and related barriers.

What does “Discharge conference” mean?

A meeting held before release or discharge to review the transition plan, responsibilities, medications, appointments, documentation, and unresolved needs.

What does “Discharge from custody” mean?

Formal release from a jail, prison, detention facility, or other custodial status.

What does “Discharge planning” mean?

Planning conducted before discharge to coordinate housing, medication, treatment, benefits, identification, transportation, supervision, and other immediate needs.

What does “Discharge planning referral” mean?

A referral arranged as part of discharge or release planning to connect a person with community services, treatment, housing, benefits, employment, or other supports after leaving a facility or program.

What does “Discharge summary” mean?

A clinical or program document summarizing services, progress, status, recommendations, and circumstances at discharge.

What does “Discretionary parole” mean?

Release to parole based on a decision by a parole board or other authorized decision-maker rather than solely by operation of law.

What does “Discretionary transfer” mean?

An interstate transfer request that may be accepted even though mandatory-transfer criteria are not met.

What does “Dismissal with prejudice” mean?

A dismissal that generally prevents the same charge from being refiled in the same manner, subject to governing law.

What does “Dismissal without prejudice” mean?

A dismissal that may permit refiling when legally authorized.

What does “Disposition” mean?

The outcome or current status of a charge or case, such as conviction, withheld adjudication, acquittal, dismissal, diversion, or another authorized result.

What does “Disqualifying offense” mean?

An offense that, under applicable law or policy, may make a person ineligible for a license, occupation, benefit, position, or other status, either automatically or after individualized review.

What does “Diversion” mean?

A process that may route an eligible case away from traditional prosecution or adjudication toward conditions, treatment, services, or monitoring. Programs vary widely.

What does “Docket” mean?

The official court record or schedule listing filings, events, hearings, orders, and case activity.

What does “Documents required” mean?

Records a provider, agency, employer, landlord, benefit program, or court may request before intake, enrollment, placement, or a decision.

What does “Domestic-violence intervention” mean?

Programming intended to address abusive behavior, victim safety, accountability, or related court requirements. Program standards and approval vary.

What does “Domestic-violence supervision training” mean?

Specialized training on domestic-violence dynamics, victim safety, accountability, conditions, risk, and referral practices.

What does “Drug court” mean?

A problem-solving court model combining judicial oversight with substance-use treatment, monitoring, incentives, sanctions, and services for an eligible population.

What does “Drug testing” mean?

Testing for controlled or prohibited substances using authorized specimens and procedures.

What does “Drug-court officer training” mean?

Training for officers assigned to a drug-court or treatment-court team, covering team roles, incentives, sanctions, treatment coordination, and confidentiality.

What does “DUI program” mean?

Education, evaluation, treatment, monitoring, or other programming connected to driving under the influence laws or case requirements.

What does “Duplicate record” mean?

A record that represents the same underlying entity or event as another record beyond the duplication allowed by the dataset's design.

What does “Early discharge” mean?

Formal termination of supervision before the scheduled end date by an authorized court or agency.

What does “Early termination” mean?

Termination of supervision before the originally scheduled end date by an authorized court or agency. Eligibility and procedure vary.

What does “Earned compliance credit” mean?

A statutory or agency-authorized credit for sustained compliance that may reduce a supervision term or support early discharge. Rules vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Earned discharge” mean?

Termination of supervision based on satisfaction of jurisdiction-specific compliance, time, payment, treatment, or other criteria.

What does “Earned early termination” mean?

Early termination made available through qualifying performance or credits under applicable law or agency policy.

What does “Earned time” mean?

A reduction, credit, or release-related benefit earned through eligible conduct, programming, work, or other criteria under governing law.

What does “Earned-time credit” mean?

A credit authorized by law that may affect placement, prerelease custody, or sentence calculation when statutory requirements are met.

What does “Editorial independence” mean?

OACRA’s retention of control over selection, wording, organization, correction, and publication despite listing payments or sponsorship.

What does “Educational good-time credit” mean?

A jurisdiction-specific sentence or custody credit associated with qualifying educational participation or achievement. It is not the same as academic credit.

What does “Educational incentive” mean?

A benefit, recognition, privilege, or credit offered for qualifying educational participation or achievement.

What does “Effect size” mean?

A quantitative measure describing the magnitude of a difference, association, or intervention effect, helping distinguish the size of an observed effect from statistical significance alone.

What does “Effective communication” mean?

Communication that is as effective for a person with a disability as it is for others, using appropriate auxiliary aids or services when required.

What does “Electronic monitoring” mean?

Use of electronic technology to monitor location, presence, curfew, alcohol use, or another authorized condition.

What does “Electronic monitoring fee” mean?

A charge assessed for electronic or location monitoring when authorized by law, court order, contract, or agency policy. Amounts, responsibility for payment, waivers, and collection practices vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Electronic referral” mean?

A referral transmitted through an electronic system, secure portal, email process, or shared platform to a community provider or agency.

What does “Electronic-monitoring officer training” mean?

Training on installation, alerts, response protocols, documentation, limitations, and privacy considerations for monitoring technology.

What does “Eligibility” mean?

Whether a person or organization satisfies stated criteria for a service, benefit, program, listing, job, placement, or legal process. Eligibility does not guarantee availability or acceptance.

What does “Eligibility-based service” mean?

A service for which access depends on defined criteria such as location, income, age, legal status, diagnosis, referral, insurance, or program rules.

What does “Emergency assistance” mean?

Short-term financial, shelter, food, utility, transportation, medical, or other aid intended to address an urgent need under the rules of the providing program.

What does “Emergency procurement” mean?

An acquisition made under special authority to address an urgent condition when ordinary competitive timing or procedures cannot reasonably meet the need. Requirements and limits are jurisdiction-specific.

What does “Emergency reentry bed” mean?

A short-term housing placement intended to prevent homelessness immediately after release while longer-term housing is arranged.

What does “Emergency service” mean?

A service intended to respond to immediate threats to health or safety. OACRA is not an emergency service.

What does “Emergency shelter” mean?

Temporary shelter intended to meet immediate housing and safety needs.

What does “Emergency vehicle operations training” mean?

Training on safe and lawful operation of an agency vehicle during routine or emergency duties.

What does “Employment placement” mean?

A service that connects a job seeker with a specific employer or position. It differs from general job readiness or training.

What does “Employment plan” mean?

A structured set of employment goals, documents, training, applications, transportation, and support steps.

What does “Employment retention rate” mean?

The proportion of employed participants who remain employed through a specified follow-up point or measurement period.

What does “Employment verification” mean?

Confirmation of employment status, schedule, location, wages, or related information for an authorized purpose.

What does “Engagement” mean?

A person’s meaningful participation and continuing connection with supervision, treatment, services, education, or support.

What does “English as a Second Language (ESL)” mean?

English-language instruction for learners whose primary language is not English.

What does “Enhanced listing” mean?

An OACRA listing option offering additional presentation, visibility, fields, or features beyond a basic listing.

What does “Enrollment proof” mean?

A document confirming that a person has entered or registered for a program, class, treatment service, benefit, or other activity.

What does “Entity resolution” mean?

The process of determining whether records from one or more sources refer to the same real-world organization, person, place, product, contract, or other entity.

What does “Equipment failure” mean?

A malfunction or loss of required function in monitoring hardware, software, communications, power, or related equipment that may interrupt or degrade monitoring.

What does “Evaluation” mean?

A professional or administrative process used to reach findings, recommendations, eligibility decisions, or service determinations.

What does “Evaluation committee” mean?

A group designated to review and score bids, proposals, qualifications, demonstrations, or other submissions according to the solicitation and applicable procurement rules.

What does “Eviction prevention” mean?

Financial, legal, mediation, case-management, or other assistance intended to help an eligible household avoid displacement or loss of housing.

What does “Evidence conflict” mean?

A condition in which reliable sources materially disagree about a fact, status, date, vendor relationship, deployment, authorization, or other recorded information and the discrepancy has not yet been resolved.

What does “Evidence date” mean?

The date associated with the evidence itself, such as the publication, execution, award, meeting, effective, or record date relevant to the supported fact.

What does “Evidence tier” mean?

An OACRA classification indicating the type or strength of evidence supporting a vendor, deployment, authorization, contract, service, or other market-intelligence record.

What does “Evidence-based practice” mean?

A practice supported by a body of research and integrated with professional expertise and the characteristics, needs, and preferences of the population served.

What does “Evidence-Based Recidivism Reduction Program (EBRR)” mean?

A program meeting federal or other applicable criteria for reducing recidivism risk. In the federal system, eligible participation may relate to First Step Act time credits.

What does “Evidence-handling training” mean?

Training on collection, packaging, documentation, storage, transfer, and preservation of evidence.

What does “Evidence-informed practice” mean?

A practice guided by the best available research while also considering professional judgment, implementation context, and population needs.

What does “Exclusion criteria” mean?

Conditions that may make a person ineligible or inappropriate for a particular service, program, placement, or level of care, subject to applicable law and reasonable-modification requirements.

What does “Exclusion zone” mean?

A geographic area that a monitored participant is prohibited from entering at all times or during specified periods; entry may generate an alert depending on system configuration.

What does “Executive clemency” mean?

Relief granted through executive authority after or in relation to a criminal case. Depending on the jurisdiction, forms may include pardon, commutation, reprieve, remission, or other authorized relief.

What does “Expert contribution” mean?

Factual or educational material proposed by a qualified professional or organization for independent OACRA editorial review.

What does “Expungement” mean?

A form of criminal-record relief whose availability and legal effect depend on the jurisdiction. The term should not be assumed to mean complete physical destruction of every record.

What does “Expungement eligibility” mean?

Whether a record satisfies statutory and procedural requirements for a person to seek expungement. Eligibility does not guarantee a court order.

What does “Expungement versus sealing” mean?

Sealing generally restricts access to a record, while expungement may provide a different or broader form of relief. Neither term has one uniform national effect, and expungement does not always mean every copy is physically destroyed.

What does “Failure to appear” mean?

Failure to attend a required court proceeding, which may lead to a warrant, bond consequence, or other action.

What does “Failure to pay” mean?

Nonpayment of a required financial obligation. Legal consequences may depend on ability to pay, notice, willfulness, and governing law.

What does “Failure to report” mean?

Failure to make required contact with a supervising officer, agency, program, or reporting system.

What does “Fair-chance hiring” mean?

Employment practices intended to reduce unnecessary criminal-record barriers and evaluate candidates fairly under applicable law.

What does “Fair-chance housing” mean?

Housing policies or practices intended to avoid unnecessary criminal-record exclusions and support individualized, consistent consideration under applicable law.

What does “Faith-based organization” mean?

An organization connected to a religious community or faith tradition that may provide charitable, social, housing, treatment, mentoring, or reentry support.

What does “False negative” mean?

A test result that does not detect a substance or condition that is actually present.

What does “False positive” mean?

A test result indicating a substance or condition that is not actually present.

What does “Family placement” mean?

A release or reentry housing arrangement in which a person plans to live with relatives or another approved household.

What does “Family reunification” mean?

The process of restoring or strengthening family relationships after separation, subject to safety, court orders, consent, and individual circumstances.

What does “Federal Bonding Program” mean?

A U.S. Department of Labor-supported program that provides fidelity bonds to help employers hire eligible job seekers who face barriers to employment and may be considered difficult to bond commercially.

What does “Federal student aid” mean?

Federal grants, loans, and work-study assistance administered under federal higher-education law and program requirements.

What does “Fidelity bonding” mean?

A risk-mitigation tool that provides an employer with bond coverage against certain losses caused by employee dishonesty, sometimes used to support hiring of job seekers viewed as higher risk.

What does “Field contact” mean?

An officer’s contact with a supervised person outside the probation or parole office, such as at a residence, workplace, program, or community location.

What does “Field parole officer” mean?

A parole officer assigned to supervise people in community settings.

What does “Final revocation hearing” mean?

A hearing at which an authorized decision-maker determines whether a parole violation occurred and what consequence should follow.

What does “Financial assistance” mean?

Money, benefits, subsidies, relief, or other support intended to help meet basic needs or stabilize a household.

What does “Financial coaching” mean?

Individualized assistance intended to help a person set financial goals, manage income and expenses, address debt, use banking services, build savings, or improve financial capability.

What does “Financial conditions” mean?

Court- or supervision-related monetary obligations such as fines, fees, restitution, court costs, or program charges.

What does “Financial help directory” mean?

An OACRA directory category for benefits, emergency aid, food, housing stability, utilities, identification, financial coaching, and related supports.

What does “Fine” mean?

A monetary penalty imposed as part of a legal judgment or administrative process.

What does “Firearm-rights restoration” mean?

A legal process through which a person seeks or receives restoration of firearm rights previously restricted because of a conviction or other disqualifying event. Eligibility and procedure are jurisdiction-specific.

What does “Firearms qualification” mean?

Demonstrated proficiency under state or agency standards required before an authorized officer may carry or use a firearm in official duties.

What does “First aid certification” mean?

A credential documenting completion of approved first-aid training and skill requirements.

What does “First Step Act” mean?

A 2018 federal statute addressing federal sentencing, corrections, earned-time mechanisms, programming, and reentry-related matters.

What does “First Step Act Time Credit” mean?

A federal credit earned by eligible people in Bureau of Prisons custody through successful participation in assigned evidence-based recidivism-reduction programs or productive activities. It is distinct from good-conduct time and academic credit.

What does “First-30-days planning” mean?

Planning focused on the first month after release, including supervision, identification, health care, medication, benefits, housing, employment, transportation, and appointments.

What does “First-72-hours planning” mean?

Immediate release planning for the first several days in the community, when housing, medication, transportation, food, identification, and reporting needs may be urgent.

What does “Follow-up period” mean?

The length of time after a defined starting event, such as release, program entry, or program completion, during which researchers or agencies observe outcomes.

What does “Food assistance” mean?

Public or charitable support used to obtain food, including benefit programs, food banks, pantries, and meal services.

What does “For-cause testing” mean?

Testing ordered because of specified conduct, information, or circumstances under applicable policy.

What does “Formerly incarcerated person” mean?

A person who previously experienced confinement in a jail, prison, or other correctional setting.

What does “Fugitive status” mean?

A legal or administrative status associated with a person who is sought by authorities, including in some cases after absconding or an outstanding warrant.

What does “Fundamental alteration” mean?

A change that would fundamentally alter the nature of a service, program, or activity and may limit a requested modification under applicable disability law.

What does “Furlough” mean?

A temporary authorized release from custody for a defined purpose and period, subject to specified conditions.

What does “Gain time” mean?

A term used in some jurisdictions for credit that may reduce the time served or affect a release date based on statutory rules.

What does “Gate release” mean?

Release directly from an institution into the community rather than through a transitional residential placement.

What does “GED test” mean?

A high-school equivalency examination accepted in participating jurisdictions. GED is one testing option and should not be used as the generic name for every equivalency credential.

What does “General assistance” mean?

State, county, local, or tribal cash or basic-needs assistance for eligible individuals who may not qualify for other major benefit programs. Program names, benefits, and eligibility vary widely.

What does “Geofence” mean?

A digitally defined geographic boundary used by a location-monitoring system to identify entry into, exit from, or presence within a designated area.

What does “Geographic coverage” mean?

The states, counties, cities, regions, or other areas in which a provider reports serving people or in which a directory organizes information.

What does “Geographic reach” mean?

The practical service area of a provider, which may differ from its physical address.

What does “Good Conduct Time” mean?

A federal or jurisdiction-specific sentence credit associated with eligible institutional conduct. It is distinct from First Step Act time credits and academic credit.

What does “Good moral character requirement” mean?

A licensing, admission, or credentialing standard requiring assessment of character or conduct. The permissible use of criminal history and the factors that may be considered depend on applicable law.

What does “Good time” mean?

Credit or a sentence-related benefit associated with eligible conduct or institutional compliance, as defined by governing law.

What does “Good-standing discharge” mean?

A discharge status indicating that supervision ended without unresolved violations and according to the authority’s completion criteria.

What does “Government approval” mean?

An authorization, certification, license, contract, recognition, or acceptance issued by a government entity. OACRA listing status is not government approval.

What does “Government source” mean?

A source published, maintained, or issued by a government body, such as a statute, regulation, procurement notice, contract record, agency webpage, report, meeting record, or official data system.

What does “Government-confirmed deployment” mean?

A deployment supported by a government-published source that identifies the agency's use or implementation of a product, vendor, service, or system.

What does “GPS monitoring” mean?

Location monitoring that uses Global Positioning System data, often combined with cellular or Wi-Fi communication, to track a participant's location and generate information or alerts for authorized supervision purposes.

What does “Graduated response” mean?

A structured use of incentives, interventions, and sanctions proportionate to conduct, risk, needs, and governing authority.

What does “Graduated responses matrix” mean?

A structured agency framework matching incentives, interventions, and sanctions to conduct, risk, needs, and legal authority.

What does “Graduated sanction” mean?

A sanction selected from an authorized range of increasingly serious responses to noncompliance.

What does “Graduated sanctions grid” mean?

A jurisdiction- or agency-specific decision grid organizing authorized responses to supervision violations by seriousness, risk, history, and circumstances.

What does “Grant of parole” mean?

A decision by an authorized parole body approving conditional release, subject to the stated release date, plan, and conditions.

What does “Guaranteed referral” mean?

A promised or assured referral. OACRA listings and sponsorships do not guarantee referrals.

What does “Guilty plea” mean?

A formal admission of guilt entered in court and accepted under applicable procedure.

What does “Hair test” mean?

Laboratory analysis of a hair specimen to identify evidence of specified drug exposure over a longer retrospective period.

What does “Halfway house” mean?

A commonly used but nonuniform term for a structured transitional residence associated with corrections, treatment, recovery, or community reentry.

What does “Harm reduction” mean?

Policies, services, or practices intended to reduce specified health and safety harms associated with substance use, including overdose and infection. Activities and legal status vary by jurisdiction and program.

What does “Health coverage” mean?

Insurance or public-program protection that helps pay for covered health services, subject to eligibility, enrollment, networks, and benefit rules.

What does “Health-information transfer” mean?

The authorized transfer of relevant medical or behavioral-health information to support post-release care, subject to applicable privacy and consent requirements.

What does “HHS-certified laboratory” mean?

A laboratory certified under federal mandatory guidelines to test authorized specimens for federal workplace drug-testing programs.

What does “High-risk supervision” mean?

A supervision level generally involving more frequent contact, monitoring, or intervention because of an assessed risk classification. Criteria vary.

What does “High-school equivalency” mean?

A state-recognized credential or status demonstrating secondary-level academic attainment through an approved examination or process.

What does “Highlighted listing” mean?

An OACRA listing option with greater visual or informational prominence than a basic listing, subject to editorial and category rules.

What does “HIPAA” mean?

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and related rules governing specified health information and covered entities. HIPAA does not apply to every organization or every record.

What does “HIPAA certification” mean?

A private credential or course certificate marketed as HIPAA certification. HHS does not recognize a universal private certification as proof of HIPAA compliance.

What does “HIPAA training” mean?

Workforce instruction concerning applicable privacy, security, breach, and information-handling responsibilities.

What does “HIPAA training certificate” mean?

Documentation that a person completed HIPAA-related training. It does not establish that the person or organization is fully compliant or certified by HHS.

What does “HiSET” mean?

A high-school equivalency examination used in participating states and jurisdictions.

What does “Historical relationship” mean?

A documented prior relationship, contract, deployment, approval, or service connection that is not represented as currently active.

What does “Home confinement” mean?

A custodial or supervision arrangement requiring a person to remain at an approved residence except for authorized activities, often with monitoring.

What does “Home visit” mean?

An authorized supervision contact at a person’s residence.

What does “Home-plan investigation” mean?

A review of a proposed release residence or home plan by a correctional, parole, probation, or receiving authority before approving release or placement. Terminology and procedures vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Housing barrier” mean?

A condition that can make obtaining or retaining housing more difficult, such as affordability, criminal history, eviction history, credit, identification, income, accessibility needs, rental debt, or restrictive eligibility rules.

What does “Housing First” mean?

An approach that prioritizes access to permanent housing without requiring treatment completion, sobriety, or other predetermined behavioral milestones as a general precondition, while offering supportive services.

What does “Housing investigation before release” mean?

An agency review of a proposed residence, household, location, restrictions, and suitability before approving a release or supervision plan.

What does “Housing level” mean?

A descriptive classification indicating the structure, services, supervision, clinical intensity, or recovery support associated with a residence. Systems differ and should not be treated as interchangeable.

What does “Housing navigation” mean?

Assistance locating housing, preparing applications, resolving documentation barriers, communicating with landlords, and coordinating move-in.

What does “Housing navigator” mean?

A worker who helps individuals identify housing options, complete applications, gather documents, address barriers, communicate with landlords, and connect with rental assistance or other housing resources.

What does “Housing plan” mean?

A documented strategy for where a person will live, how the placement will be funded, applicable restrictions, household information, and backup options.

What does “Housing readiness” mean?

The practical preparation of documents, income information, references, screening responses, and support arrangements used when seeking housing.

What does “Housing retention” mean?

Services and strategies intended to help a household maintain housing after placement.

What does “Housing stability” mean?

The ability to maintain safe and reasonably consistent housing without recurring displacement or crisis.

What does “Housing stabilization” mean?

Services or assistance intended to help a person obtain, retain, or return to stable housing, which may include navigation, case management, rental assistance, landlord engagement, benefits, or crisis support.

What does “Housing verification” mean?

Confirmation of information about a person's residence or proposed housing, such as address, occupancy permission, household composition, lease status, provider participation, or availability.

What does “Housing voucher” mean?

A public subsidy that helps an eligible household pay rent in qualifying housing, subject to program rules.

What does “Human-readable data” mean?

Information presented in a form primarily designed for people to read and understand directly, such as prose, tables, labels, or formatted pages.

What does “Human-trafficking awareness training” mean?

Training on indicators, victim-centered response, reporting duties, safety, and referral pathways related to human trafficking.

What does “ICAOS” mean?

The Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision and the Interstate Commission that administers binding compact rules governing eligible interstate supervision matters.

What does “ICAOS rules” mean?

The rules adopted under the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision that govern transfers, reporting instructions, supervision, retaking, and related responsibilities.

What does “ICAOS rules training” mean?

Training on Interstate Compact rules and procedures. Completion may be required by a state compact office or agency but does not by itself appoint a person as a compact official.

What does “ICAOS training certificate” mean?

Documentation showing completion of a designated ICAOS course or module. It is evidence of training, not a universal national professional certification.

What does “ICOTS” mean?

The Interstate Compact Offender Tracking System used by authorized compact personnel to process and document interstate supervision matters.

What does “ICOTS end-user training” mean?

Required preparation covering ICOTS functions, applicable compact rules, workflow, privacy, and role responsibilities before access is granted.

What does “ICOTS Privacy Policy acknowledgment” mean?

The agreement by which an ICOTS user acknowledges system privacy, security, and data-use obligations.

What does “ICOTS training certificate” mean?

A record showing completion of designated ICOTS or ICAOS training modules. System access remains controlled by the state administrator.

What does “ICOTS user authorization” mean?

State-administered permission to use ICOTS in an assigned role after required training, identity verification, and agency approval.

What does “Identification at release” mean?

Government or institutional identification documents provided, restored, or coordinated before or at release to support benefits, employment, banking, housing, and supervision.

What does “Identification document” mean?

A government-issued or otherwise recognized record used to establish identity, age, residence, work authorization, or another required fact.

What does “Identification packet” mean?

A collection of available identity records and application documents assembled for use after release.

What does “Identity verification” mean?

A process used to establish or confirm that a person is who they claim to be, using documents, credentials, knowledge checks, biometrics, trusted records, or other approved methods.

What does “Immediate-needs assessment” mean?

A review of urgent post-release needs such as shelter, food, medication, transportation, identification, safety, and required reporting.

What does “Implementation fidelity” mean?

The degree to which a program, practice, or intervention is delivered as intended by its model, protocol, or design.

What does “In-reach services” mean?

Community-based or agency services delivered inside a correctional institution before release to build continuity into the community.

What does “Inactive supervision” mean?

A supervision status involving reduced or no routine reporting while legal jurisdiction or remaining obligations may continue.

What does “Incentive credit” mean?

A jurisdiction-specific credit or benefit awarded for qualifying achievement, participation, or compliance.

What does “Incentives and sanctions matrix” mean?

A structured framework for selecting proportionate positive incentives and corrective responses during supervision.

What does “Incentivized compliance” mean?

An OACRA educational concept describing the use of visible progress, milestones, recognition, and positive reinforcement to support follow-through without replacing court or agency authority.

What does “Inclusion zone” mean?

A geographic area that a monitored participant is required to remain within or be present in during specified periods; departure or failure to arrive may generate an alert.

What does “Incumbent worker training” mean?

Employer-connected training for existing workers intended to build skills, avert layoffs, improve competitiveness, or support advancement, subject to the rules of the funding program.

What does “Independent living” mean?

Housing or a residential arrangement designed for people who can live with limited day-to-day supervision, with services or supports provided separately when available.

What does “Indictment” mean?

A formal criminal charging document returned by a grand jury.

What does “Individual reentry plan” mean?

A person-specific transition plan addressing housing, supervision, identification, health, treatment, benefits, employment, education, transportation, and family needs.

What does “Individualized assessment” mean?

A case-specific review of relevant facts before making a decision, rather than relying solely on a categorical rule. In employment and licensing contexts, the required factors and legal significance depend on applicable law.

What does “Individualized screening” mean?

A decision process that considers relevant circumstances rather than relying only on a blanket rule. Legal requirements vary by context and jurisdiction.

What does “Individualized Supervision Plan (ISP)” mean?

A structured plan organizing goals, requirements, risks, needs, referrals, and supervision activities for an individual.

What does “Industry-recognized credential” mean?

A credential recognized by employers or an industry body as evidence of specified occupational knowledge or skills.

What does “Informal probation” mean?

A lower-intensity or court-supervised form of probation used in some jurisdictions. Meaning and requirements are jurisdiction-specific.

What does “Information” mean?

A formal charging document filed by a prosecutor without a grand-jury indictment, where authorized.

What does “Information last confirmed” mean?

The date or period when a provider, source, or administrator most recently checked or affirmed listing information.

What does “Initial reporting” mean?

The first required contact with a supervising office or officer after sentencing, release, transfer, or placement on supervision.

What does “Instant drug test” mean?

A rapid point-of-care screening test that produces a preliminary result without full laboratory analysis.

What does “Institutional case manager” mean?

A correctional professional who coordinates classification, program planning, records, release preparation, referrals, and other institutional case functions.

What does “Institutional conduct” mean?

A person’s behavior, disciplinary history, program participation, and adjustment while confined, sometimes considered in release decisions.

What does “Institutional education coordinator” mean?

A professional who coordinates educational assessment, enrollment, records, credentials, and transition to community education or training.

What does “Institutional in-reach agreement” mean?

An arrangement allowing an approved community organization or agency to provide prerelease information, screening, enrollment, or service coordination inside a facility.

What does “Institutional participation” mean?

Participation by an agency, financial institution, health system, employer, foundation, provider network, or other organization in OACRA’s resource infrastructure.

What does “Institutional records officer” mean?

A professional responsible for maintaining or processing institutional records relevant to custody status, sentence information, identification, transfer, and release.

What does “Institutional reentry specialist” mean?

A professional focused on prerelease planning, community referrals, documentation, benefits, housing, employment, and continuity of care.

What does “Institutional reentry team” mean?

A multidisciplinary group responsible for coordinating release preparation and institutional-to-community transition.

What does “Institutional treatment staff” mean?

Clinical or program staff providing treatment, assessment, counseling, or recovery services within a correctional institution.

What does “Intake” mean?

The initial process through which a provider collects information, screens needs, explains requirements, and decides whether or how services may begin.

What does “Intake appointment” mean?

A scheduled contact during which a provider gathers information, reviews requirements, completes forms, verifies documents, or begins the admission or enrollment process.

What does “Intake criteria” mean?

The conditions a provider uses to decide whether and how a person may begin its intake process; these may differ from final admission or eligibility criteria.

What does “Intake route” mean?

The practical path for starting services, such as self-referral, agency referral, phone screening, online form, walk-in, or scheduled assessment.

What does “Intake screening” mean?

An initial review used to determine whether a person appears to meet basic service, safety, eligibility, program, or documentation requirements before full assessment or admission.

What does “Intake status” mean?

A provider’s current condition for accepting inquiries or new participants, such as open, limited, waitlisted, referral-only, or temporarily closed.

What does “Intensive outpatient program (IOP)” mean?

A structured outpatient treatment level involving more frequent or intensive services than standard outpatient care while the person generally continues living in the community.

What does “Intensive supervision probation” mean?

A probation level involving enhanced contact, monitoring, restrictions, or programming compared with standard probation.

What does “Interpretation” mean?

The oral or signed rendering of communication from one language into another.

What does “Interstate Compact” mean?

A formal agreement among jurisdictions governing specified transfers, supervision, information exchange, and responsibilities across state lines.

What does “Interstate parole supervision” mean?

Parole supervision administered across state lines under the Interstate Compact or another lawful transfer mechanism.

What does “Interstate transfer” mean?

The authorized movement of supervision responsibility or approved residence from one jurisdiction to another under applicable compact, court, or agency procedures.

What does “Invalid specimen” mean?

A specimen for which the laboratory cannot obtain a valid test result under applicable criteria.

What does “Invitation for Bid (IFB)” mean?

A solicitation requesting sealed or otherwise formally submitted bids, commonly used when requirements can be stated clearly and award is primarily based on price among responsive, responsible bidders, subject to governing rules.

What does “Jail” mean?

A local or regional facility commonly used for pretrial detention and shorter sentences, though functions vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Job placement” mean?

The process or outcome of connecting a job seeker with employment, often including matching, referral, employer contact, hiring support, or documentation of employment.

What does “Job readiness” mean?

Preparation for obtaining and maintaining employment, including skills such as applications, interviewing, workplace behavior, communication, scheduling, digital literacy, and understanding employer expectations.

What does “Job retention” mean?

Continued employment over a defined period after hire or placement; programs may measure retention at specific intervals.

What does “Judgment” mean?

A court’s formal decision resolving specified issues or recording the disposition and sentence.

What does “Jurisdiction” mean?

The legal authority of a court, agency, or government to act over a person, place, subject, or case.

What does “Jurisdiction coverage” mean?

The set or extent of states, counties, municipalities, courts, agencies, or other jurisdictions for which a vendor, service, dataset, or research product has documented coverage.

What does “Jurisdictional evidence” mean?

Evidence connecting a vendor, service, program, rule, deployment, or contract to a particular state, county, municipality, court, agency, correctional system, or other jurisdiction.

What does “Justice technology” mean?

Technology designed to support justice-system information, navigation, administration, service access, compliance organization, or related functions.

What does “Justice-involved” mean?

A broad descriptive term for people affected by arrest, prosecution, incarceration, supervision, diversion, or another criminal-justice process.

What does “Laboratory accreditation” mean?

Recognition that a laboratory meets specified quality and competency standards. It is distinct from HHS certification for federal workplace drug testing.

What does “Laboratory-based test” mean?

Testing performed by a laboratory using validated screening, confirmation, and quality-control procedures.

What does “Language access” mean?

Policies and practices intended to provide meaningful communication access for people who use languages other than English or have limited English proficiency.

What does “Language-access training” mean?

Training on interpreter use, translated information, communication planning, confidentiality, and applicable language-access responsibilities.

What does “Large-print format” mean?

Printed material using enlarged text and layout adjustments to improve access for people with low vision.

What does “Last confirmed” mean?

The most recent date on which OACRA or another identified reviewer confirmed that a stated fact, listing attribute, relationship, or status was supported by available information.

What does “Last updated” mean?

The most recent date on which a record, page, dataset, or item was materially changed in the relevant system.

What does “Legal advice” mean?

Advice applying law to a person’s specific rights, obligations, strategy, or legal position. OACRA provides educational and organizational information, not legal advice.

What does “Legal aid” mean?

Legal information, advice, or representation delivered by an authorized legal-services provider, often subject to subject-matter and financial eligibility.

What does “Legal eligibility” mean?

Eligibility established by law or regulation. It does not necessarily mean a service is funded, locally available, accepting referrals, or operationally accessible.

What does “Less-lethal weapon certification” mean?

Training and qualification required before an officer may carry or use an agency-authorized less-lethal weapon.

What does “Level of care” mean?

The intensity and structure of treatment judged appropriate for a person’s assessed needs.

What does “License” mean?

Government authorization to practice a regulated profession or perform a legally restricted activity.

What does “Licensed use” mean?

Use of content, data, software, or another resource pursuant to rights granted under a license or licensing agreement.

What does “Licensing restriction” mean?

A statutory, regulatory, or board-imposed limitation affecting eligibility for an occupational or professional credential.

What does “LIHEAP” mean?

The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program, a federally funded program administered by states, tribes, and territories to help eligible households with home-energy costs and related energy needs.

What does “Limited English Proficiency (LEP)” mean?

A description of a person who has limited ability to read, write, speak, or understand English. Applicable language-access duties depend on law, funding, agency rules, and context.

What does “Listing accuracy” mean?

The degree to which a listing correctly reflects current services, contacts, locations, eligibility, intake, and other relevant facts.

What does “Listing correction” mean?

A request or administrative action to fix inaccurate, incomplete, outdated, or misleading listing information.

What does “Listing option” mean?

A defined OACRA participation format, such as basic, highlighted, priority, dedicated-page, or sponsored presentation.

What does “Listing performance” mean?

Measures used to assess listing visibility, inquiries, referral pathways, information quality, dedicated-page value, or renewal decisions.

What does “Listing quality” mean?

The clarity, accuracy, completeness, structure, and practical usefulness of provider information.

What does “Listing renewal” mean?

A request or process to continue an annual listing while reviewing current information and participation options.

What does “Listing update” mean?

A change to contact details, services, locations, referral instructions, intake status, display preferences, or other listing fields.

What does “Literacy program” mean?

Instruction intended to improve reading, writing, numeracy, or functional communication skills.

What does “Local coverage” mean?

The availability of relevant services within a specific county, city, judicial circuit, metro area, or rural region.

What does “Local jail” mean?

A jail operated by a county, city, regional authority, sheriff, or local corrections agency.

What does “Local reentry council” mean?

A local collaborative body that coordinates reentry planning, services, policy, data, and community participation.

What does “Location point” mean?

A recorded geographic position associated with a monitoring device at a particular time, subject to the accuracy and availability of the underlying positioning technology.

What does “Location violation” mean?

An event indicating possible noncompliance with an authorized movement restriction, such as entering an exclusion zone, leaving an inclusion zone, or violating an approved schedule; final violation determinations are made under applicable procedures.

What does “Lookback period” mean?

A defined period during which specified prior conduct, convictions, or records may be considered for a licensing, employment, housing, or other decision.

What does “Low-barrier shelter” mean?

A shelter designed to reduce entry requirements while maintaining health, safety, and operational rules.

What does “Low-barrier treatment” mean?

Treatment designed to reduce unnecessary administrative, abstinence, documentation, scheduling, or referral barriers while maintaining applicable clinical and legal requirements.

What does “Low-risk supervision” mean?

A supervision level generally associated with less intensive contact based on an authorized assessment or classification process.

What does “Lowest responsive bidder” mean?

The bidder offering the lowest evaluated price among bids that conform to the material requirements of the solicitation, subject also to any responsibility or eligibility determination required by law.

What does “LS/CMI training” mean?

Training required or recommended for authorized administration and interpretation of the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory.

What does “LSI-R training” mean?

Training required or recommended for authorized use of the Level of Service Inventory–Revised.

What does “Machine ingestion” mean?

The automated intake and processing of data or content by software for indexing, analysis, transformation, retrieval, model workflows, or another computational purpose.

What does “Machine-readable” mean?

Organized with consistent text, labels, fields, links, and structure so software can parse the information more reliably.

What does “Machine-readable data” mean?

Data organized in a format that software can reliably parse and process, such as structured JSON, XML, CSV, or another defined machine-interpretable representation.

What does “Mandatory release” mean?

Release occurring under statutory or sentence-based rules rather than a discretionary parole-board decision.

What does “Mandatory supervision” mean?

A community-supervision period required by statute or sentence structure rather than granted through discretionary parole.

What does “Mandatory transfer” mean?

An interstate transfer that must be accepted when all applicable compact-rule criteria are satisfied.

What does “Market coverage” mean?

The extent to which a vendor, product, service, or dataset is represented across market segments, service categories, agencies, or jurisdictions; the measurement method should be stated when used quantitatively.

What does “Marketplace coverage” mean?

Health coverage obtained through a federal or state health-insurance marketplace, subject to enrollment and eligibility rules.

What does “Master service agreement” mean?

An agreement establishing general legal, commercial, and service terms that may govern later statements of work, orders, or transactions between the parties.

What does “Maximum release date” mean?

The latest calculated date a person may be held under a sentence, subject to lawful recalculation, detainers, or other authority.

What does “Maximum security” mean?

A high-security custody classification involving substantial restrictions, staffing, and physical controls.

What does “Maximum termination date” mean?

The scheduled final date of a supervision term before any lawful extension, tolling, early termination, or modification.

What does “Meaningful access” mean?

Practical access that allows a person to understand and participate in a program, service, or proceeding, considering communication needs and governing requirements.

What does “Medicaid” mean?

A joint federal-state health-coverage program administered by states within federal requirements. Eligibility and covered services vary by state and category.

What does “Medicaid reentry services” mean?

Medicaid-covered or Medicaid-authorized services designed to support eligible individuals transitioning from incarceration to the community, including services permitted under approved federal or state reentry initiatives.

What does “Medicaid reinstatement” mean?

Restoration of Medicaid eligibility or enrollment after suspension, closure, release from incarceration, or another qualifying event, subject to state procedures and continuing eligibility.

What does “Medicaid Section 1115 demonstration” mean?

A time-limited Medicaid demonstration approved under federal authority to test policy approaches that further program objectives.

What does “Medicaid suspension” mean?

A status in which Medicaid eligibility or payment authority is temporarily paused rather than fully terminated, potentially allowing coverage to resume when the suspension condition ends and program requirements are met.

What does “Medicaid termination” mean?

The ending of a person's Medicaid eligibility or enrollment after required procedures, as distinct from a temporary suspension.

What does “Medical Review Officer (MRO)” mean?

A licensed physician meeting applicable training and credential requirements to review and verify specified drug-test results and evaluate legitimate medical explanations.

What does “Medication at release” mean?

A supply of prescribed medication, prescription, or medication-access arrangement provided or coordinated when a person leaves custody.

What does “Medication bridge” mean?

A short-term medication supply or prescribing arrangement intended to prevent a treatment interruption while community care is established.

What does “Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD)” mean?

Use of FDA-approved medication as part of treatment for opioid use disorder, often combined with counseling and recovery supports.

What does “Medication reconciliation” mean?

The process of reviewing current medications, dosages, changes, and follow-up needs during transfer or release.

What does “Medication-assisted treatment (MAT)” mean?

A commonly used term for treatment combining medication with counseling or behavioral therapies for substance use disorders. Federal agencies increasingly use substance-specific language such as MOUD.

What does “Medium security” mean?

An intermediate institutional security classification between minimum and maximum security, as defined by the correctional system.

What does “Memorandum of understanding (MOU)” mean?

A written agreement describing responsibilities, referral processes, data sharing, access, or coordination between institutions and community partners.

What does “Mental Health First Aid” mean?

A training program teaching participants to recognize and respond to signs of mental-health or substance-use challenges and connect people to appropriate help.

What does “Mental-health caseload training” mean?

Specialized officer training on mental-health conditions, communication, crisis response, treatment coordination, and supervision planning.

What does “Mental-health counseling” mean?

Professional services addressing emotional, psychological, behavioral, or psychiatric concerns.

What does “Mental-health court” mean?

A problem-solving court model coordinating judicial oversight with mental-health treatment and related supports for an eligible population.

What does “Mental-health probation” mean?

A specialized probation caseload or court-linked model designed for people with identified mental-health needs. Eligibility and structure vary.

What does “Metadata” mean?

Information that describes other data or content, such as its title, source, creator, format, category, identifier, dates, rights, or technical characteristics.

What does “Microcredential” mean?

A focused credential documenting achievement of a limited set of skills or competencies.

What does “Minimum security” mean?

A lower institutional security classification generally involving fewer physical restrictions and greater movement or programming opportunities.

What does “Mobile crisis response” mean?

A behavioral-health crisis service delivered in the community by a mobile team rather than only at a fixed facility.

What does “Mobile supervision application” mean?

A mobile software application used to support authorized supervision functions such as check-ins, reminders, identity verification, messaging, forms, location features, or document exchange.

What does “Mobile-first” mean?

Designed primarily to function clearly and efficiently on smartphones and smaller screens before being adapted to larger displays.

What does “Mobility aid” mean?

A device such as a wheelchair, walker, cane, crutch, or scooter used to support mobility.

What does “Model training” mean?

The process of adjusting a machine-learning model's parameters using training data so that it learns patterns used for later prediction or generation.

What does “Modification” mean?

An authorized change to an order, sentence, condition, schedule, or supervision requirement.

What does “Modification of probation” mean?

A court-authorized change to the terms, duration, conditions, or intensity of probation.

What does “Monitoring” mean?

Observation, tracking, testing, checking, or review used by an authorized agency or program. OACRA does not monitor users.

What does “Monitoring alert” mean?

An automated or system-generated notification indicating a defined event, such as a zone exception, tamper, low battery, communication gap, missed test, or schedule deviation. An alert is not necessarily a final finding of a supervision violation.

What does “Monitoring center” mean?

An operational center that receives, processes, reviews, or routes monitoring data and alerts for supervising agencies or authorized program personnel.

What does “Motion” mean?

A formal request asking a court to issue an order or ruling.

What does “Motivational interviewing training” mean?

Training in a collaborative communication method intended to strengthen motivation and commitment to change.

What does “Multidisciplinary release team” mean?

A group of correctional, medical, behavioral-health, supervision, benefits, housing, or community professionals coordinating release preparation.

What does “Naloxone” mean?

An opioid-overdose reversal medication available in approved formulations.

What does “Naloxone administration training” mean?

Training on recognizing a suspected opioid overdose, administering naloxone, activating emergency response, and following agency procedures.

What does “Narcan” mean?

A brand name for a naloxone nasal-spray product. Naloxone is the generic medication term.

What does “NARR housing levels” mean?

Recovery-residence categories associated with the National Alliance for Recovery Residences framework, reflecting differences in structure, staffing, and support.

What does “NCIC certification” mean?

A state- or agency-administered qualification for authorized access to the National Crime Information Center and related criminal-justice systems.

What does “Negative-dilute result” mean?

A negative test result accompanied by specimen-validity findings indicating dilution under applicable criteria.

What does “New-law violation” mean?

An alleged or established violation based on conduct constituting a new criminal offense while under supervision.

What does “No-contact condition” mean?

A court or supervision restriction limiting direct, indirect, physical, electronic, or third-party contact with a specified person or group.

What does “No-contest plea” mean?

A plea of nolo contendere in which a defendant does not contest the charge. Its consequences and treatment vary by jurisdiction and legal purpose.

What does “Nolle prosequi” mean?

A prosecutor’s formal decision not to continue prosecuting a charge at that time. Its effect on refiling and record relief depends on the jurisdiction.

What does “Non-advice language” mean?

Editorial wording that provides general education, identifies variables, and directs readers to responsible authorities without applying law or policy to an individual case.

What does “Non-supervisory platform” mean?

A platform that does not exercise probation, parole, correctional, court, monitoring, reporting, or case-management authority over users.

What does “Noncredit course” mean?

A course that does not award academic credit toward a degree or other credit-bearing credential.

What does “Nondisclosure order” mean?

A court order used in some jurisdictions to restrict public disclosure of an eligible criminal record while preserving access for specified government or authorized purposes.

What does “Nonnegative result” mean?

An initial result that is not negative and may require confirmation, review, or additional action before being reported as positive.

What does “Notice of Intent to Award” mean?

A notice stating that an agency intends to make an award to an identified bidder or offeror, often before final contract execution and subject to any protest, approval, or administrative requirements.

What does “Observed collection” mean?

A collection performed with an observer present or under heightened observation procedures as authorized by policy.

What does “Occupational license” mean?

A government-issued credential required to work in a regulated occupation or profession.

What does “Occupational licensing board” mean?

A government board, commission, department, or other authority responsible for regulating entry into or practice of a licensed occupation.

What does “Occupational restriction” mean?

A legal, regulatory, licensing, employer, or supervision limitation affecting whether a person may work in a particular occupation, role, workplace, or activity.

What does “Office visit” mean?

A required or scheduled meeting at a probation, parole, pretrial, or supervision office.

What does “Oleoresin capsicum (OC) certification” mean?

Training and proficiency requirements for authorized carrying and use of OC spray.

What does “On-the-job training” mean?

Training delivered while a participant performs job duties under supervision and instruction.

What does “Online reporting system” mean?

A digital platform used to submit reports, upload documents, confirm activity, schedule appointments, or communicate with an agency.

What does “Open access” mean?

Public availability without a required user account or payment for ordinary directory and educational access.

What does “Opioid Treatment Program (OTP)” mean?

A federally regulated program authorized to provide specified medications and services for opioid use disorder.

What does “Opioid use disorder” mean?

A substance use disorder involving opioids and meeting applicable diagnostic criteria.

What does “Option year” mean?

An additional contract performance period that the purchasing entity may elect to exercise under stated contract terms; inclusion of an option does not by itself obligate the entity to exercise it.

What does “Oral-fluid collector qualification” mean?

Training and demonstrated proficiency required to collect oral-fluid specimens under a specified testing program.

What does “Oral-fluid drug test” mean?

Testing of saliva or oral fluid for specified drugs or metabolites.

What does “ORAS training” mean?

Training required or recommended for authorized use of the Ohio Risk Assessment System or an adopted implementation.

What does “Organization type” mean?

A classification such as nonprofit, government agency, business, treatment provider, employer, housing provider, or community organization.

What does “Organization-confirmed” mean?

An OACRA evidence label indicating that information has been confirmed through a statement, publication, record, or communication from the organization directly involved, but is not necessarily independently verified by a government source.

What does “Outcome measure” mean?

A defined indicator used to assess a result of interest, such as rearrest, employment, housing stability, treatment retention, health status, or program completion.

What does “Outpatient treatment” mean?

Treatment delivered without overnight residence, with intensity ranging from standard appointments to structured intensive programs.

What does “Overdose prevention” mean?

Strategies intended to reduce overdose risk, improve recognition, expand medication access, and connect people to emergency and ongoing care.

What does “Overdose-response training” mean?

Training on overdose recognition, emergency activation, naloxone use, rescue breathing where appropriate, and post-event procedures.

What does “Override decision” mean?

A documented decision to depart from an assessment, classification, or standard recommendation under authorized criteria.

What does “Pardon” mean?

An act of executive clemency that forgives an offense and may relieve specified legal disabilities or consequences. A pardon does not necessarily erase the conviction record, and its effects vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Parole” mean?

Conditional release from prison to serve part of a sentence or release term under supervision in the community.

What does “Parole absconder” mean?

A person on parole alleged or determined to have stopped reporting or left supervision without authorization and whose location is unknown.

What does “Parole board” mean?

A body authorized in certain jurisdictions to make specified release, condition, revocation, or related decisions.

What does “Parole certificate” mean?

A document stating the authority, terms, conditions, and effective details of a parole release.

What does “Parole conditions” mean?

General and special requirements governing conduct while a person is on parole.

What does “Parole consideration” mean?

The process through which an authorized body evaluates whether a person should be granted parole.

What does “Parole denial” mean?

A decision not to grant parole at the current consideration point.

What does “Parole discharge” mean?

Formal termination of parole supervision and jurisdiction by the authorized authority.

What does “Parole district” mean?

A geographic or administrative unit responsible for parole supervision.

What does “Parole eligibility” mean?

The point or circumstances under which a person may be considered for parole. Eligibility does not guarantee release.

What does “Parole expiration” mean?

The scheduled end of parole jurisdiction or supervision, subject to lawful interruption, revocation, or extension.

What does “Parole guideline” mean?

A structured decision aid used by some parole authorities to assess release suitability, risk, or timing. Guidelines do not necessarily control the final decision.

What does “Parole hearing” mean?

A proceeding or review at which a parole authority considers release, conditions, violation, revocation, or another parole matter.

What does “Parole hold” mean?

An instruction or authority preventing release because of an alleged parole violation or pending parole action.

What does “Parole interview” mean?

An interview conducted for parole consideration, release planning, or supervision purposes.

What does “Parole modification” mean?

An authorized change to parole conditions or supervision requirements.

What does “Parole officer” mean?

An authorized official responsible for supervising people released on parole and performing related investigation, reporting, and enforcement duties.

What does “Parole postponement” mean?

A decision delaying parole consideration or release to a later date or condition.

What does “Parole reconsideration” mean?

A later review of a prior parole decision under applicable rules.

What does “Parole release date” mean?

The date on which an approved parole release is scheduled or becomes effective, subject to required conditions and verification.

What does “Parole reporting” mean?

Required contact with a parole officer or agency through office, field, telephone, digital, or other approved methods.

What does “Parole rescission” mean?

Withdrawal of a previously granted parole decision before release, where authorized.

What does “Parole residence” mean?

The residence where a person on parole lives or proposes to live, subject to applicable reporting and approval requirements.

What does “Parole revocation” mean?

An authorized decision terminating parole because of a violation and potentially returning the person to custody.

What does “Parole transfer” mean?

Transfer of parole supervision between districts, states, or supervising offices under applicable procedures.

What does “Parole versus supervised release” mean?

Parole is conditional release administered under a parole system, typically after part of a prison sentence. Federal supervised release is a court-imposed supervision term that follows imprisonment and is not traditional parole.

What does “Parole violation” mean?

Conduct alleged or found to violate a condition of parole.

What does “Parole warrant” mean?

A warrant or authorized order issued in connection with an alleged parole violation.

What does “Parole-approved residence” mean?

A residence accepted by the responsible parole authority for a particular release or supervision plan.

What does “Peace-officer certification” mean?

A state credential authorizing specified law-enforcement powers after statutory training and examination. Not all probation officers are peace officers.

What does “Peer recovery specialist” mean?

A trained peer professional using lived experience to provide recovery support within applicable role and credential boundaries.

What does “Peer support” mean?

Nonclinical or complementary support grounded in shared lived experience and commonly focused on hope, self-direction, connection, and recovery.

What does “Pell Grant” mean?

A federal need-based grant for eligible undergraduate students, including otherwise eligible confined or incarcerated students enrolled in an eligible Prison Education Program.

What does “Performance measure” mean?

A defined quantitative or qualitative indicator used to track how well a program, agency, or system is meeting stated objectives or service standards.

What does “Performance period” mean?

The authorized time during which contract work or services are to be performed, including any base period and properly exercised extensions or options.

What does “Permanent disqualification” mean?

A legal or regulatory bar that does not expire solely with the passage of time, although relief, waiver, pardon, restoration, or other exceptions may exist under applicable law.

What does “Permanent supportive housing” mean?

Long-term housing combined with supportive services for people with significant or ongoing needs.

What does “Permitted use” mean?

A use of content, data, software, or a service that is allowed under the applicable license, contract, terms, law, or authorization.

What does “Person with a criminal record” mean?

A person whose criminal-history information may include an arrest, charge, disposition, conviction, sentence, or related record.

What does “Petition for relief” mean?

A formal request asking a court, agency, executive authority, or other authorized decision-maker to grant a specified legal remedy, such as record relief, rights restoration, waiver, or modification of a collateral consequence.

What does “Placement availability” mean?

Whether a program or provider currently has an open placement that may be considered for a person who meets applicable criteria.

What does “Placement decision” mean?

A determination that a person may enter or reside in a particular program, facility, home, job, or service setting. OACRA does not make placement decisions.

What does “Plain language” mean?

Communication designed so the intended audience can find, understand, and use the information efficiently.

What does “Plea” mean?

A defendant’s formal response to a criminal charge, such as guilty, not guilty, or nolo contendere.

What does “Point-of-care test” mean?

A screening test performed near the place of collection rather than in a full laboratory setting.

What does “Positive test” mean?

A result meeting the applicable program’s criteria for a detected drug, metabolite, or alcohol concentration after required confirmation or review.

What does “POST certification” mean?

Certification through a state Peace Officer Standards and Training body or equivalent. Scope and applicability vary by state and role.

What does “Post-release medication supply” mean?

Medication provided to cover a defined period after release until a community prescriber or pharmacy assumes care.

What does “Post-release outcome” mean?

A measured event, condition, or status occurring after release from incarceration, such as housing, employment, treatment engagement, rearrest, health care use, or supervision performance.

What does “Post-release services” mean?

Benefits, care, supervision, employment, housing, transportation, and other supports delivered after release from custody.

What does “Pre-adverse action” mean?

The notice and related process that generally must occur under the Fair Credit Reporting Act before an employer takes adverse employment action based on a consumer report, giving the person an opportunity to review the report and rights information.

What does “Pre-apprenticeship” mean?

A program designed to prepare participants for entry into a registered or other recognized apprenticeship.

What does “PREA training” mean?

Training on the Prison Rape Elimination Act standards, prevention, reporting, response, retaliation protection, and professional responsibilities.

What does “Preliminary hearing” mean?

A hearing used in specified contexts to determine whether sufficient cause exists to continue a prosecution, detention, or violation proceeding.

What does “Preliminary revocation hearing” mean?

An initial hearing used to determine whether probable cause exists to believe a parole violation occurred, when required.

What does “Prerelease benefits screening” mean?

A review conducted before release to identify possible eligibility for health coverage, food assistance, disability benefits, veterans benefits, or other supports.

What does “Prerelease custody” mean?

Custody or placement during the period approaching release, which may include residential, community, home-confinement, or institutional arrangements.

What does “Prerelease education” mean?

Instruction before release concerning supervision, identification, housing, health, benefits, employment, transportation, legal obligations, and community resources.

What does “Prerelease planning” mean?

Coordination before release to prepare identification, benefits, health care, medication, housing, employment, supervision, transportation, and service connections.

What does “Prerelease services” mean?

Services delivered before release to prepare identification, benefits, health care, housing, employment, transportation, supervision, and community connections.

What does “Prerelease video intake” mean?

A remote intake or screening conducted by a community provider while the participant remains in custody.

What does “Presumptive disqualification” mean?

A rule under which specified conduct or convictions create a presumption against eligibility while still allowing an applicant to present evidence or seek an exception where the governing law permits.

What does “Presumptive eligibility” mean?

A temporary eligibility determination that allows certain qualified entities or programs to provide immediate coverage or services based on preliminary information, subject to the rules of the specific benefit program.

What does “Presumptive parole date” mean?

A projected parole date established under a jurisdiction’s decision framework but subject to later review, conduct, eligibility, and legal requirements.

What does “Presumptive test” mean?

An initial screening test that suggests the possible presence of a substance but may require confirmation.

What does “Pretrial diversion (PTD)” mean?

A program allowing an eligible case to be addressed through conditions, services, treatment, restitution, or monitoring before traditional adjudication.

What does “Pretrial intervention (PTI)” mean?

A jurisdiction-specific pretrial diversion program that may permit eligible participants to complete conditions in exchange for dismissal or another authorized outcome.

What does “Pretrial supervision” mean?

Community monitoring or support imposed before final disposition of a criminal case. Conditions and authority vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Primary source” mean?

Original evidence created by the responsible authority or direct participant in an event, transaction, policy, deployment, or decision, rather than a later description by an unrelated party.

What does “Prime contractor” mean?

The contractor that holds the direct contract with the purchasing entity and is responsible for performance of the contracted work, including management of any subcontractors.

What does “Priority listing” mean?

An OACRA listing option offering expanded or more prominent presentation, subject to review and editorial safeguards.

What does “Priority review” mean?

An expedited or specially sequenced administrative review option. It does not guarantee approval, publication, ranking, or acceptance.

What does “Prison” mean?

A state or federal correctional institution generally used to confine people serving longer sentences.

What does “Prison Education Program (PEP)” mean?

An eligible postsecondary education program offered to confined or incarcerated students under federal higher-education requirements.

What does “Privacy release” mean?

A signed authorization permitting specified information to be disclosed to identified persons or organizations for stated purposes.

What does “Probable-cause hearing” mean?

A hearing to determine whether there is sufficient cause to continue holding or proceeding against a person for an alleged violation.

What does “Probation” mean?

A court-ordered period of supervision in the community, generally used instead of or in combination with incarceration.

What does “Probation officer” mean?

An authorized official who supervises, investigates, reports, or performs other duties under the applicable court or agency system.

What does “Probation revocation” mean?

A court decision terminating probation because of a violation and imposing an authorized consequence.

What does “Probation violation” mean?

Conduct alleged or found to violate a condition of probation.

What does “Probation warrant” mean?

A warrant issued in connection with an alleged probation violation or failure to comply.

What does “Probation-friendly” mean?

An informational description suggesting that a service may be relevant to people on probation. It is not a court, agency, or case-specific approval label.

What does “Probation-officer basic training” mean?

Foundational academy or agency training covering law, policy, supervision, safety, report writing, ethics, communication, and field duties.

What does “Probationary period” mean?

The period during which a person remains subject to probation conditions and court jurisdiction.

What does “Problem-solving court” mean?

An umbrella term for specialized courts using judicial oversight, treatment, services, testing, incentives, and sanctions to address identified needs.

What does “Process measure” mean?

A measure of how a program or service is delivered, such as participation, referral completion, dosage, timeliness, contact frequency, or adherence to procedures.

What does “Procurement” mean?

The process through which an organization identifies a need and obtains goods or services, including planning, solicitation, evaluation, award, administration, and closeout as applicable.

What does “Procurement evidence” mean?

A solicitation, bid record, procurement notice, award notice, purchasing record, or related source showing that a product, service, vendor, or market category is part of a purchasing process.

What does “Procurement threshold” mean?

A monetary or other threshold that determines which purchasing procedures, approval levels, competition requirements, or documentation rules apply.

What does “Productive activity” mean?

A qualifying activity that develops work, education, treatment, or life skills. In the federal system, eligible productive activities may support First Step Act time-credit earning.

What does “Program acceptance” mean?

A provider’s or authority’s decision that a person, curriculum, service, or document can be used for a specified program or requirement.

What does “Program attrition” mean?

Loss of participants from a program, study, or service before the defined completion point or end of the observation period.

What does “Program availability” mean?

Whether a program currently has open enrollment, appointments, funding, staff, beds, or geographic capacity.

What does “Program completion” mean?

Completion of stated program requirements. It does not necessarily establish successful supervision discharge or satisfaction of every court obligation.

What does “Program format” mean?

The way services are delivered, such as in-person, virtual, hybrid, residential, outpatient, mobile, or referral-based.

What does “Progress note” mean?

A clinical or service record documenting observations, participation, interventions, response, and progress during care.

What does “Progress report under ICAOS” mean?

A formal compact communication describing supervision status, compliance, conduct, and other required information.

What does “Progress review” mean?

A review of goals, conditions, participation, documentation, barriers, achievements, and needed adjustments.

What does “Projected release date” mean?

An estimated release date based on current sentence calculations, credits, and known information. It may change.

What does “Proposed residence” mean?

A residence identified for possible occupancy that may still require provider acceptance, landlord approval, agency review, supervision approval, or other authorization before use.

What does “Prosecutor” mean?

A government attorney responsible for prosecuting criminal cases on behalf of the state or United States.

What does “Protective factor” mean?

A characteristic, relationship, resource, or condition associated with reduced risk or improved stability and resilience.

What does “Provider” mean?

An organization, business, agency, program, employer, housing operator, or other entity offering a service or opportunity represented in OACRA’s directory system.

What does “Provider acceptance” mean?

A provider’s determination that it can serve a person under its criteria, capacity, funding, safety, and program rules.

What does “Provider network” mean?

The collection of organizations that submit, maintain, claim, or participate in OACRA provider listings and service pathways.

What does “Provider registration” mean?

Submission of organization and service information for OACRA review and possible directory placement.

What does “Provider-submitted information” mean?

Information supplied directly by a provider or authorized representative rather than independently created by OACRA.

What does “Public benefits” mean?

Government-administered programs providing health coverage, food assistance, income support, housing support, or other assistance to eligible people.

What does “Public defender” mean?

A government-funded attorney or office appointed to represent eligible defendants who cannot afford private criminal defense counsel.

What does “Public display preference” mean?

A provider’s stated preference about which submitted contact or service information may appear publicly, subject to OACRA’s review and platform rules.

What does “Public procurement” mean?

Procurement conducted by a government or public entity under applicable statutes, regulations, policies, competition requirements, and spending authority.

What does “Public-benefit overpayment” mean?

Benefit money paid in excess of the amount a program determines a person was entitled to receive, which may result in notice, appeal rights, repayment, withholding, waiver procedures, or other program-specific action.

What does “Public-interest technology” mean?

Technology designed to improve access, public understanding, institutional function, or community outcomes while considering equity, accountability, and public trust.

What does “Purchase order” mean?

A purchasing document authorizing or ordering specified goods or services under stated quantities, prices, terms, and conditions; its contractual effect depends on the governing procurement framework.

What does “Qualification” mean?

Demonstrated satisfaction of requirements to perform a particular function, which may include training, testing, proficiency, experience, or agency approval.

What does “Qualified interpreter” mean?

An interpreter able to interpret effectively, accurately, and impartially using necessary specialized vocabulary for the context.

What does “Qualified reader” mean?

A person who can read effectively, accurately, and impartially for an individual who needs reading assistance.

What does “Qualified sign-language interpreter” mean?

An interpreter able to interpret effectively, accurately, and impartially in the required sign language and context.

What does “Qualified spoken-language interpreter” mean?

A spoken-language interpreter who can interpret effectively, accurately, and impartially using necessary specialized vocabulary.

What does “Qualified vendor” mean?

A vendor determined to meet specified minimum capability, licensing, experience, responsibility, or other qualification criteria for a procurement or purchasing program.

What does “Quasi-experimental design” mean?

An evaluation design that estimates an intervention's effects without random assignment, using methods such as matched comparison groups, interrupted time series, regression discontinuity, or other structured approaches.

What does “Radio-frequency monitoring (RF monitoring)” mean?

Electronic monitoring that uses a worn transmitter and a receiver, commonly at a residence, to verify whether the participant is within the device's detection range during required periods; it does not ordinarily provide continuous geographic tracking away from the receiver.

What does “Random breath test” mean?

A breath-alcohol test required at an unpredictable time selected under a program's random-testing procedure.

What does “Random drug-testing schedule” mean?

A selection process designed to choose testing dates or participants without predictable advance notice.

What does “Random testing” mean?

Testing scheduled or selected without advance notice according to an authorized random process.

What does “Randomized controlled trial (RCT)” mean?

An experimental study in which eligible participants or units are assigned by a valid random process to intervention and comparison conditions so that differences in outcomes can be more credibly attributed to the intervention.

What does “Rapid rehousing” mean?

Short- to medium-term assistance intended to help people exit homelessness quickly into permanent housing.

What does “Rearrest” mean?

A new arrest after a prior justice-system event. Rearrest does not itself establish guilt and is one possible recidivism measure.

What does “Reasonable accommodation” mean?

A modification or adjustment used in employment or another applicable context to provide equal opportunity to a qualified person with a disability.

What does “Reasonable-suspicion testing” mean?

Testing based on specific, articulable observations or information meeting the applicable policy standard.

What does “Receiving state” mean?

The state that receives and supervises an eligible person under the Interstate Compact.

What does “Recidivism” mean?

A return to specified criminal-justice involvement after a defined starting event. Measures may include rearrest, reconviction, reincarceration, or revocation and must be interpreted using the stated definition and follow-up period.

What does “Recidivism rate” mean?

The proportion or rate of people in a defined group who experience a specified recidivism event, such as rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration, during a stated follow-up period.

What does “Reconviction” mean?

A new conviction after a prior justice-system event and one possible measure of recidivism.

What does “Record dissemination” mean?

The release, sharing, transmission, sale, or other distribution of criminal-history or court-record information to authorized agencies, employers, licensing bodies, the public, or other recipients under applicable law.

What does “Record identifier” mean?

A value assigned to distinguish a record from other records within a system, dataset, registry, or publication process.

What does “Record normalization” mean?

The process of converting record values into consistent formats, categories, naming conventions, or field structures while preserving the underlying meaning.

What does “Record provenance” mean?

The documented origin and history of a particular record, including source, creation, verification, changes, and related identifiers when maintained.

What does “Record restriction” mean?

A legal limitation on public access to or dissemination of a criminal-history or court record. The meaning, eligibility requirements, and effect vary by jurisdiction.

What does “Records transfer” mean?

The authorized movement of institutional, medical, educational, treatment, or program records to a community provider, agency, or supervising authority.

What does “Records-retention training” mean?

Training on preserving, classifying, retaining, releasing, and disposing of records under applicable schedules and law.

What does “Recovery capital” mean?

The personal, social, community, and material resources that support recovery and stability.

What does “Recovery coach” mean?

A peer or nonclinical support role focused on recovery goals, connection, accountability, and resource navigation.

What does “Recovery housing” mean?

An alcohol- and drug-free living environment intended to support recovery. Services, staffing, certification, and supervision vary.

What does “Recovery residence” mean?

A substance-free or recovery-supportive residential environment intended to support people in recovery. Services, staffing, certification, clinical treatment, and regulatory requirements vary by residence and jurisdiction.

What does “Recovery residence certification” mean?

Recognition by a state, affiliate, or certifying body that a recovery residence meets specified standards. Certification requirements and legal effect vary.

What does “Recovery support” mean?

Nonacute services and relationships that help people initiate, sustain, or strengthen recovery and community stability.

What does “Recovery-oriented system of care” mean?

A coordinated network of person-centered, community-based services supporting multiple pathways and stages of recovery.

What does “Recurrence of use” mean?

A return to substance use after a period of reduction or abstinence. The term is often preferred to language implying moral failure.

What does “Reentry” mean?

The transition from incarceration or another justice-system status back into community life, including the legal, social, health, housing, employment, and administrative processes involved.

What does “Reentry coalition” mean?

A collaborative group of agencies, providers, community members, people with lived experience, employers, and other stakeholders working on reentry needs.

What does “Reentry coordinator” mean?

A professional responsible for organizing release planning, service connections, documentation, and interagency coordination.

What does “Reentry council” mean?

A formal or informal body that coordinates reentry policy, services, partnerships, and system improvement.

What does “Reentry court” mean?

A specialized court model that uses judicial oversight and coordinated services to support eligible people during community transition.

What does “Reentry housing” mean?

Housing intended or marketed for people returning from incarceration or navigating justice-system transitions. It is not a single nationally standardized housing level.

What does “Reentry navigator” mean?

A professional or trained helper who assists people in understanding and reaching services, benefits, documents, and official pathways.

What does “Reentry pathway” mean?

An organized sequence of steps connecting release preparation, supervision, benefits, housing, health, employment, and community services.

What does “Reentry plan” mean?

A structured plan identifying immediate and longer-term release needs, responsibilities, appointments, services, and backup options.

What does “Reentry program” mean?

A program designed to support transition from custody or justice involvement into stable community participation.

What does “Reentry services” mean?

Housing, employment, health, treatment, benefits, identification, transportation, legal, family, mentoring, and other supports associated with community transition.

What does “Reentry task force” mean?

A designated group formed to study, coordinate, recommend, or implement reentry policy and services.

What does “Reentry-focused” mean?

Designed or presented with the needs of people returning to the community after incarceration or justice involvement in mind.

What does “Referral” mean?

A recommendation, information transfer, or connection directing a person to another provider or service. A referral does not guarantee eligibility, availability, or acceptance.

What does “Referral authority” mean?

An agency or professional role authorized to direct, approve, assign, or formally refer a person to services. OACRA is not a referral authority.

What does “Referral authorization” mean?

Approval required from a payer, court, supervising authority, agency, program, or other responsible entity before a referral or service can proceed.

What does “Referral confirmation” mean?

Documentation that a receiving provider or agency received a referral and, when available, identified the next intake or appointment step.

What does “Referral criteria” mean?

Requirements or conditions used to determine whether a referral is appropriate for a particular provider, service, program, or placement.

What does “Referral letter” mean?

A document from an authorized professional or agency requesting, recommending, or documenting a connection to a provider or service.

What does “Referral packet” mean?

A group of documents and information sent to a provider or agency to support review of a referral, which may include identification, orders, assessments, releases, medical information, supervision information, or other required records.

What does “Referral partner” mean?

An agency, professional, provider, institution, or organization that connects people to services.

What does “Referral pathway” mean?

The sequence of contacts, documents, screenings, and decisions used to connect someone with a service.

What does “Referral source” mean?

The person, agency, court, provider, institution, or other organization that sends or recommends a person to a service or program.

What does “Referral status” mean?

The current stage or disposition of a referral, such as received, pending review, contacted, scheduled, accepted, declined, waitlisted, closed, or completed.

What does “Referral utility” mean?

How efficiently listing information helps a referral professional identify fit, requirements, geography, availability, and next steps.

What does “Refresh interval” mean?

The planned or observed amount of time between repeated data updates, synchronization runs, crawls, imports, or verification checks.

What does “Refusal to test” mean?

Conduct classified by an applicable program as refusing or failing to complete required testing.

What does “Region” mean?

A geographic grouping used to organize services, such as a metro area, multi-county area, rural region, or statewide zone.

What does “Registered apprenticeship” mean?

An apprenticeship program registered with the U.S. Department of Labor or a recognized State Apprenticeship Agency that combines paid on-the-job learning with related instruction and progressive skill development under approved standards.

What does “Rehabilitation” mean?

Processes intended to support behavioral change, health, education, skills, stability, and successful community participation.

What does “Rehabilitation evidence” mean?

Information offered to show positive change after an offense or conviction, such as completion of supervision, education, treatment, employment, community involvement, or sustained lawful conduct.

What does “Reincarceration” mean?

Return to jail or prison after release, whether for a new sentence, revocation, or another lawful basis. Definitions differ across studies and agencies.

What does “Reinstatement of probation” mean?

A court decision continuing or restoring probation after an alleged or established violation, often with the same or modified conditions.

What does “Relapse” mean?

A return or worsening of symptoms or substance use after improvement. Meaning depends on the condition and clinical context.

What does “Release authorization” mean?

Official approval or documentation permitting release after legal, administrative, sentence, identification, and hold requirements are satisfied.

What does “Release clothing” mean?

Clothing supplied or approved for a person leaving custody when personal clothing is unavailable or unsuitable.

What does “Release coordinator” mean?

A correctional, agency, or community professional who helps organize discharge planning, documentation, appointments, benefits, and service connections.

What does “Release decision” mean?

An authorized determination granting, denying, postponing, rescinding, or otherwise resolving a release request or review.

What does “Release document” mean?

An official record confirming release status, date, conditions, or related information.

What does “Release eligibility” mean?

The legal or administrative point at which a person may qualify for release consideration, placement, or discharge. Eligibility does not guarantee release.

What does “Release funds” mean?

Money disbursed at release from a person’s institutional account, statutory allowance, program fund, or another authorized source.

What does “Release hold” mean?

A legal or administrative restriction preventing release until another authority, warrant, detainer, placement, or requirement is resolved.

What does “Release identification” mean?

Identification documentation provided, obtained, or arranged in connection with release from a correctional institution to support identity verification and access to community services.

What does “Release notification” mean?

Notice provided to an authorized person, agency, victim, provider, or supervising authority concerning an anticipated or completed release.

What does “Release of information (ROI)” mean?

A written authorization allowing specified information to be disclosed to named persons or entities for defined purposes.

What does “Release packet” mean?

A collection of documents provided at release, which may include identification, orders, reporting instructions, medication information, benefits documents, appointments, and service referrals.

What does “Release plan” mean?

A documented plan for residence, supervision, treatment, transportation, employment, benefits, identification, and other release requirements.

What does “Release staffing” mean?

A case-review meeting used to evaluate release readiness, barriers, housing, treatment, supervision, records, and transition responsibilities.

What does “Release transportation plan” mean?

A documented arrangement for travel from the institution to the first approved destination and later required appointments.

What does “Release-day checklist” mean?

A practical list of documents, medications, transportation, reporting instructions, contacts, funds, and immediate tasks needed on the day of release.

What does “Release-day transportation” mean?

Transportation arranged from the releasing institution to an approved residence, supervision office, treatment program, transit point, or other destination.

What does “Remedial education” mean?

Instruction intended to strengthen academic skills needed for success in college-level or occupational coursework.

What does “Remission” mean?

A period in which symptoms no longer meet full diagnostic criteria or are substantially reduced, as defined by the applicable clinical framework.

What does “Remote breath testing” mean?

Alcohol testing conducted away from a staffed testing site using an electronic breath-testing device that may transmit results, identity information, photographs, location information, or compliance data to an authorized system.

What does “Remote check-in” mean?

A required supervision or program contact completed without an in-person office visit, such as through a mobile application, telephone system, video session, kiosk, or other approved technology.

What does “Remote reporting” mean?

Reporting through telephone, kiosk, video, mobile application, web portal, or another approved method rather than an in-person office visit.

What does “Rental arrears” mean?

Past-due rent owed for a prior rental period, sometimes considered for payment through eviction-prevention, homelessness-prevention, or emergency-assistance programs.

What does “Rental assistance” mean?

Financial assistance used to help eligible households pay rent, which may be temporary, ongoing, tenant-based, project-based, or provided through another authorized program.

What does “Rental subsidy” mean?

Public or private financial assistance used to reduce a tenant’s rent burden.

What does “Replacement identification” mean?

A newly issued copy or replacement of an identification credential that was lost, stolen, damaged, expired, or otherwise unavailable.

What does “Reporting instructions under ICAOS” mean?

Formal instructions authorizing and directing an eligible person to report to the receiving state under compact procedures.

What does “Reporting waiver” mean?

An authorized reduction or waiver of a reporting requirement while other supervision conditions may remain in effect.

What does “Representative payee” mean?

A person or organization appointed by the Social Security Administration to receive and manage Social Security or SSI benefits for a beneficiary who cannot manage or direct management of the payments.

What does “Reprieve” mean?

A temporary delay or suspension of the execution or enforcement of a sentence granted through authorized executive clemency power.

What does “Request for Information (RFI)” mean?

A market-research request used to obtain information about capabilities, pricing, approaches, or market conditions when the issuing entity is not necessarily seeking an offer or making an award.

What does “Request for Proposal (RFP)” mean?

A solicitation used to request competing proposals when an agency intends to evaluate factors such as technical approach, qualifications, past performance, price, or other stated criteria before award.

What does “Request for Qualifications (RFQ)” mean?

A qualifications-focused request used in some state, local, professional-services, or qualifications-based procurements to identify capable firms before pricing or later selection steps. The acronym RFQ can also mean Request for Quotation, so the solicitation itself controls.

What does “Request for Quotation (RFQ)” mean?

A request for pricing and related information for specified supplies or services. In federal acquisition, RFQ commonly means Request for Quotation; some nonfederal procurements use the same acronym for Request for Qualifications.

What does “Required documentation” mean?

Documents or records that must be provided for an application, referral, service, benefit, placement, verification, or compliance process.

What does “Residence investigation” mean?

An agency review of a proposed residence to determine whether it complies with legal, supervision, safety, household, victim-protection, or program requirements.

What does “Residence verification” mean?

Confirmation that a person lives or may live at a reported address and that the location meets applicable requirements.

What does “Residency requirement” mean?

A rule requiring a person to live in a specified jurisdiction, service area, residence type, or location for eligibility, participation, supervision, or another program purpose.

What does “Resident family” mean?

A compact-rule term concerning qualifying family members residing in a receiving state, as defined by applicable ICAOS rules.

What does “Residential reentry center” mean?

A structured community-based residential facility used in some correctional systems to support transition, employment, accountability, and release preparation.

What does “Residential treatment” mean?

Clinical treatment delivered in a setting where participants live on site for a defined period.

What does “Resource Hub” mean?

OACRA’s collection of public educational guides, professional resources, state pathways, and service-navigation materials.

What does “Resource navigation” mean?

The process of locating, comparing, and contacting relevant services or official information.

What does “Responsivity factor” mean?

A characteristic affecting how a person may best engage with or benefit from an intervention, such as learning style, motivation, language, disability, culture, or mental health.

What does “Restitution” mean?

A court-ordered payment intended to compensate a victim or another authorized recipient for specified losses.

What does “Retaking” mean?

The process by which a sending state returns a supervised individual from a receiving state under compact authority.

What does “Retention” mean?

Continued participation in a program, service, treatment episode, job, or housing placement over a stated period.

What does “Retrieval” mean?

The process of locating and returning information, records, documents, or data in response to a query or defined request.

What does “Retrieval-augmented generation” mean?

An AI method in which a generative model is supplied with information retrieved from external documents, databases, or other sources to help produce a response grounded in that retrieved context.

What does “Return on investment (ROI)” mean?

A financial measure comparing the value of gains, savings, or benefits associated with an intervention to the resources invested, according to a stated calculation method.

What does “Return to custody” mean?

Placement back into jail, prison, or another custodial setting following a warrant, violation, revocation, or other lawful authority.